Table 3 Unadjusted and multivariable associations between demographic and clinical factors and the prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications during the 90-day follow-up period
Demographics and clinical characteristics | Unadjusted associations | Model 1: Demographic and healthcare utilization variables | Model 2: Model 1 + chronic conditions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted hazard ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted hazard ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted hazard ratio | 95% CI | |
(N = 17,912) | (n = 17,911) | (n = 17,911) | ||||
Age (reference: 65–74) | ||||||
 75–84 | 0.85 | 0.69–1.04 | 0.86 | 0.70–1.06 | 0.87 | 0.71–1.07 |
 85 and above | 0.67 | 0.52–0.88** | 0.76 | 0.58–0.99** | 0.75 | 0.56–0.99** |
Male sex (reference: female sex) | 1.41 | 1.17-1.79*** | 1.30 | 1.08–1.57** | 1.29 | 1.06–1.57** |
Hispanic ethnicity (reference: non-hispanic) | 1.51 | 0.67–3.38 | 0.96 | 0.35–2.59 | 0.95 | 0.35–2.67 |
Race (reference: White) | ||||||
 Asian | 1.26 | 0.52–3.03 | 1.37 | 0.57–3.31 | 1.31 | 0.54–3.17 |
 Black | 1.54 | 1.02–2.33** | 1.54 | 1.02–2.33** | 1.50 | 0.98–2.27 |
 Other | 1.71 | 1.05–1.78** | 1.64 | 0.90–2.99 | 1.59 | 0.87–2.90 |
Number of inpatient stays (reference: 0b) | ||||||
 At least 1 | 1.39 | 1.11–1.75** | 0.98 | 0.72–1.33 | 0.94 | 0.69–1.28 |
Number of emergency department visits (reference: 0c) | ||||||
 At least 1 | 1.33 | 1.09–1.62** | 1.12 | 0.86–1.33 | 1.09 | 0.84–1.41 |
Number of ambulatory visits (reference: ≤9d) | ||||||
 10–17 | 0.94 | 0.70–1.28 | 0.96 | 0.70–1.31 | 0.96 | 0.70–1.31 |
 18–29 | 1.39 | 1.05–1.84** | 1.42 | 1.05–1.91** | 1.42 | 1.06–1.92** |
 ≥ 30 | 2.12 | 1.64–2.76*** | 2.12 | 1.55–2.93** | 2.12 | 1.53–2.95** |
Number of non-acute institutional stays (reference: 0e) | ||||||
 At least 1 | 0.74 | 0.55–1.01 | 0.81 | 0.58–1.13 | 0.76 | 0.54–1.08 |
Level of polypharmacy (reference: 5–9 medications) | ||||||
 10 and above | 1.27 | 0.77–2.09 | 1.16 | 0.70–1.92 | 1.08 | 0.65–1.79 |
Number of chronic conditions (1-unit increase) | 1.06 | 1.02–1.10** | 0.96 | 0.91–1.01 | 0.94 | 0.88–1.01 |
Number of prescribing orders (1-unit increase) | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02*** | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02*** | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02*** |
Types of chronic conditionsa | ||||||
 Congestive heart failure | 1.56 | 1.25–1.94*** | – | – | 1.38 | 1.07–1.78** |
 Cardiac arrhythmias | 1.44 | 1.03–2.02** | – | – | 1.02 | 0.71–1.46 |
 Valvular disease | 1.08 | 0.82–1.43 | – | – | 0.85 | 0.63–1.15 |
 Pulmonary circulation disorders | 1.64 | 0.99–2.71 | – | – | 1.41 | 0.84–2.38 |
 Peripheral vascular disorders | 1.14 | 0.88–1.47 | – | – | 1.09 | 0.84–1.42 |
 Hypertension | 1.03 | 0.85–1.25 | – | – | 0.98 | 0.78–1.22 |
 Chronic pulmonary disorders | 1.23 | 0.97–1.56 | – | – | 1.10 | 0.85–1.43 |
 Diabetes | 1.20 | 0.99–1.46 | – | – | 1.15 | 0.93–1.43 |
 Hypothyroidism | 0.92 | 0.70–1.21 | – | – | 1.08 | 0.81–1.45 |
 Renal failure | 1.13 | 0.83–1.53 | – | – | 0.90 | 0.65–1.25 |
 Cancer | 1.12 | 0.86–1.45 | – | – | 0.88 | 0.66–1.17 |
 Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases | 0.85 | 0.54–1.33 | – | – | 0.81 | 0.51–1.28 |
 Coagulopathy | 1.25 | 0.79–1.98 | – | – | 0.95 | 0.58–1.54 |
 Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 1.30 | 0.87–1.95 | – | – | 1.11 | 0.73–1.68 |
 Depression | 0.97 | 0.69–1.35 | – | – | 1.04 | 0.73–1.48 |
 Liver disease | 1.81 | 1.02–3.20 | – | – | 1.54 | 0.86–2.75 |