| |
Decreased physical activity
|
Decreased conversation time
|
Washing hands more
|
|---|
|
Crude
|
Adjustedd
|
Crude
|
Adjustedd
|
Crude
|
Adjustedd
|
|---|
|
Characteristics
|
OR
|
95%CI
|
OR
|
95%CI
|
OR
|
95%CI
|
OR
|
95%CI
|
OR
|
95%CI
|
OR
|
95%CI
|
|---|
|
Age
|
0.97
|
(0.84–1.12)
|
0.95
|
(0.80–1.13)
|
0.86
|
(0.75–1.00) e
|
0.85
|
(0.72–1.00)
|
0.99
|
(0.87–1.13)
|
1.02
|
(0.88–1.19)
|
|
Sex (female)
|
1.23
|
(0.83–1.83)
|
1.18
|
(0.69–2.02)
|
1.09
|
(0.74–1.59)
|
1.07
|
(0.64–1.80)
|
1.72
|
(1.20–2.47)e
|
1.90
|
(1.17–3.08)e
|
|
High education
|
0.77
|
(0.52–1.15)
|
0.69
|
(0.43–1.10)
|
1.01
|
(0.69–1.48)
|
0.97
|
(0.62–1.51)
|
1.26
|
(0.88–1.80)
|
1.44
|
(0.95–2.18)
|
|
Living alone
|
1.03
|
(0.66–1.61)
|
0.96
|
(0.56–1.65)
|
0.92
|
(0.60–1.42)
|
0.86
|
(0.51–1.44)
|
1.40
|
(0.93–2.10)
|
1.24
|
(0.76–2.03)
|
|
Widowed
|
1.15
|
(0.77–1.71)
|
1.09
|
(0.65–1.85)
|
1.10
|
(0.75–1.61)
|
1.25
|
(0.75–2.07)
|
1.30
|
(0.91–1.87)
|
1.08
|
(0.67–1.73)
|
|
Current alcohol use
|
1.15
|
(0.77–1.72)
|
1.35
|
(0.86–2.13)
|
0.95
|
(0.65–1.41)
|
1.02
|
(0.65–1.59)
|
0.93
|
(0.65–1.34)
|
0.97
|
(0.64–1.48)
|
|
Current smoker
|
0.59
|
(0.19–1.78)
|
0.67
|
(0.17–2.57)
|
0.78
|
(0.30–2.06)
|
0.69
|
(0.20–2.36)
|
0.46
|
(0.18–1.17)
|
0.76
|
(0.26–2.18)
|
|
Overweight
|
0.99
|
(0.63–1.55)
|
1.19
|
(0.73–1.94)
|
0.89
|
(0.58–1.37)
|
1.12
|
(0.70–1.82)
|
1.26
|
(0.84–1.89)
|
1.19
|
(0.76–1.86)
|
|
Self-rated healtha
|
0.97
|
(0.65–1.45)
|
0.91
|
(0.58–1.44)
|
0.71
|
(0.48–1.05)
|
0.73
|
(0.47–1.13)
|
1.30
|
(0.90–1.87)
|
1.09
|
(0.73–1.64)
|
|
MMSE (≤23)
|
0.58
|
(0.31–1.05)
|
0.56
|
(0.29–1.08)
|
0.57
|
(0.32–1.01)
|
0.53
|
(0.28–1.01)
|
0.98
|
(0.60–1.61)
|
1.02
|
(0.59–1.77)
|
|
GDS (≥5)
|
0.78
|
(0.49–1.26)
|
0.79
|
(0.46–1.36)
|
1.16
|
(0.75–1.80)
|
1.12
|
(0.68–1.85)
|
0.71
|
(0.47–1.07)
|
0.93
|
(0.58–1.48)
|
|
IADL (≤4)
|
1.36
|
(0.77–2.39)
|
1.64
|
(0.85–3.19)
|
1.09
|
(0.61–1.92)
|
1.14
|
(0.59–2.23)
|
0.89
|
(0.52–1.52)
|
0.79
|
(0.43–1.46)
|
|
Chronic conditions ≥5
|
0.91
|
(0.61–1.35)
|
0.84
|
(0.54–1.30)
|
0.93
|
(0.63–1.37)
|
0.95
|
(0.62–1.45)
|
1.13
|
(0.79–1.62)
|
1.05
|
(0.71–1.57)
|
|
Hearing impairment
|
1.28
|
(0.62–2.63)
|
0.97
|
(0.42–2.26)
|
0.98
|
(0.48–2.01)
|
0.87
|
(0.38–1.98)
|
1.09
|
(0.55–2.16)
|
1.08
|
(0.50–2.30)
|
|
Visual impairment
|
1.74
|
(1.12–2.71)e
|
1.79
|
(1.10–2.91)e
|
1.28
|
(0.83–1.98)
|
1.18
|
(0.73–1.91)
|
1.05
|
(0.69–1.60)
|
1.28
|
(0.81–2.02)
|
|
Engagement in physical activityb
|
1.77
|
(1.17–2.67)e
|
1.95
|
(1.23–3.08)e
|
1.86
|
(1.25–2.76)e
|
2.24
|
(1.43–3.50)e
|
1.09
|
(0.75–1.60)
|
1.04
|
(0.68–1.58)
|
|
Frequent community interactionc
|
0.69
|
(0.37–1.29)
|
0.69
|
(0.34–1.40)
|
0.30
|
(0.15–0.63)e
|
0.23
|
(0.10–0.55)e
|
1.65
|
(0.96–2.84)
|
1.91
|
(1.03–3.55)e
|
|
Smartphone ownership
|
2.02
|
(1.32–3.10)e
|
2.15
|
(1.33–3.47)e
|
0.96
|
(0.62–1.48)
|
0.87
|
(0.54–1.41)
|
1.58
|
(1.05–2.37)e
|
1.81
|
(1.15–2.85)e
|
- Abbreviations: OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living
- a Those who reported very good/good versus others (reference)
- b Those who reported upper tertile of physical Activity Index versus others (reference)
- c Those who reported every day versus others (reference)
- d Mutually adjusted for all variables in the model
- e P < 0.05
