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Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of all participants

From: Frailty related all-cause mortality or hospital readmission among adults aged 65 and older with stage-B heart failure inpatients

 

Overall

n = 443

Non-frail

n = 334 (75.4%)

Frail

n = 109 (24.6%)

P values

Demographics

 Age, years

76.1 ± 6.79

75.1 ± 6.62

79.1 ± 6.39

< 0.001

 Man

225 (50.8)

165 (49.4)

60 (55.0)

0.306

 Medical insurance

372 (84)

277 (82.9)

95 (87.2)

0.297

 Manual workers

156 (30.5)

120 (36.1)

36 (33.0)

0.555

 Living with spouse

313 (70.7)

243 (72.8)

70 (62.4)

0.089

 Education, years

10.8 ± 4.56

10.9 ± 4.50

10.5 ± 4.72

0.406

 Current smoking

41 (9.3)

29 (8.7)

12 (11.0)

0.701

 Current drinking

104 (23.5)

86 (27.5)

18 (16.5)

0.137

 BMI, kg/m2

25.1 ± 3.48

25.4 ± 3.30

24.1 ± 3.83

0.001

Characteristics diagnosed as SBHF

 Myocardial infarction

62 (14.0)

47 (14.1)

15 (13.8)

0.935

 Systolic abnormality

47 (10.8)

32 (9.7)

15 (13.9)

0.226

 Structural abnormality

422 (97.0)

318 (97.2)

104 (96.3)

0.229

Diastolic abnormality

193 (43.6)

136 (40.7)

57 (52.3)

0.034

LVEF, %

62.8 ± 4.92

63.1 ± 4.75

62 ± 5.33

0.046

Preserved LVEF, ≥50%

425 (97.3)

321 (97.6)

104 (96.3)

0.483

NT-pro BNP, pg/ml

166 [83.4, 416]

150 [77.7, 344]

322 [123, 655]

< 0.001

Other Characteristics

 Hypertension

361 (81.5)

271 (81.1)

90 (82.6)

0.738

 Blood pressure ≤ 140/90 mmHg

178 (49.3)

141 (52.0)

37 (41.1)

0.047

 Persistent atrial fibrillation/flutter

30 (41.7)

19 (42.2)

11 (40.7)

0.550

 Diabetes mellitus

136 (30.7)

102 (30.5)

34 (31.2)

0.898

 ≥ 5 medications

220 (49.7)

152 (45.5)

68 (62.4)

0.002

 Number of comorbidities

3.22 ± 1.46

3.13 ± 1.45

3.48 ± 1.48

0.032

 Beta-blockers

174 (43.4)

129 (42.3)

45 (46.9)

0.479

 RASI

139 (34.7)

110 (36.1)

29 (30.2)

0.326

Fried frailty components

 Unintentional weight loss

50 (11.3)

17 (5.1)

33 (30.3)

< 0.001

 Low physical activity

112 (25.3)

42 (12.6)

70 (64.2)

< 0.001

 Physical exhaustion

218 (49.2)

125 (37.4)

93 (85.3)

< 0.001

 Muscle weakness

157 (35.7)

68 (20.5)

89 (82.4)

< 0.001

 Slow gait

207 (52.7)

128 (41.8)

79 (90.8)

< 0.001

Emotion

 GDS-5 ≥ 2

51 (11.5)

29 (8.7)

22 (20.2)

0.001

 HADS ≥8

19 (4.3)

11 (3.3)

8 (7.3)

0.070

Physical Function

 Barthel index < 60

21 (4.7)

9 (2.7)

12 (11)

< 0.001

 Exercise ≥5 per week

331 (74.7)

292 (87.4)

39 (35.8)

< 0.001

 Walk 100 m without help

361 (81.5)

306 (91.6)

55 (50.5)

< 0.001

 Fall in the past year

101 (22.8)

65 (19.5)

36 (33.0)

0.003

Cognition, MMSE < 24

71 (16.0)

35 (10.5)

36 (33.0)

< 0.001

  1. Notes: Values are showed as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). Data was analyzed through t test for normally distributed continuous data and χ2 test for categorical data
  2. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, LVEF Left ventricular eject fraction, NT-pro BNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, RASI Renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, GDS-5 Five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale, HADS-A Anxiety scale from Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination