Overall n = 443 | Non-frail n = 334 (75.4%) | Frail n = 109 (24.6%) | P values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age, years | 76.1 ± 6.79 | 75.1 ± 6.62 | 79.1 ± 6.39 | < 0.001 |
Man | 225 (50.8) | 165 (49.4) | 60 (55.0) | 0.306 |
Medical insurance | 372 (84) | 277 (82.9) | 95 (87.2) | 0.297 |
Manual workers | 156 (30.5) | 120 (36.1) | 36 (33.0) | 0.555 |
Living with spouse | 313 (70.7) | 243 (72.8) | 70 (62.4) | 0.089 |
Education, years | 10.8 ± 4.56 | 10.9 ± 4.50 | 10.5 ± 4.72 | 0.406 |
Current smoking | 41 (9.3) | 29 (8.7) | 12 (11.0) | 0.701 |
Current drinking | 104 (23.5) | 86 (27.5) | 18 (16.5) | 0.137 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 ± 3.48 | 25.4 ± 3.30 | 24.1 ± 3.83 | 0.001 |
Characteristics diagnosed as SBHF | ||||
Myocardial infarction | 62 (14.0) | 47 (14.1) | 15 (13.8) | 0.935 |
Systolic abnormality | 47 (10.8) | 32 (9.7) | 15 (13.9) | 0.226 |
Structural abnormality | 422 (97.0) | 318 (97.2) | 104 (96.3) | 0.229 |
Diastolic abnormality | 193 (43.6) | 136 (40.7) | 57 (52.3) | 0.034 |
LVEF, % | 62.8 ± 4.92 | 63.1 ± 4.75 | 62 ± 5.33 | 0.046 |
Preserved LVEF, ≥50% | 425 (97.3) | 321 (97.6) | 104 (96.3) | 0.483 |
NT-pro BNP, pg/ml | 166 [83.4, 416] | 150 [77.7, 344] | 322 [123, 655] | < 0.001 |
Other Characteristics | ||||
Hypertension | 361 (81.5) | 271 (81.1) | 90 (82.6) | 0.738 |
Blood pressure ≤ 140/90 mmHg | 178 (49.3) | 141 (52.0) | 37 (41.1) | 0.047 |
Persistent atrial fibrillation/flutter | 30 (41.7) | 19 (42.2) | 11 (40.7) | 0.550 |
Diabetes mellitus | 136 (30.7) | 102 (30.5) | 34 (31.2) | 0.898 |
≥ 5 medications | 220 (49.7) | 152 (45.5) | 68 (62.4) | 0.002 |
Number of comorbidities | 3.22 ± 1.46 | 3.13 ± 1.45 | 3.48 ± 1.48 | 0.032 |
Beta-blockers | 174 (43.4) | 129 (42.3) | 45 (46.9) | 0.479 |
RASI | 139 (34.7) | 110 (36.1) | 29 (30.2) | 0.326 |
Fried frailty components | ||||
Unintentional weight loss | 50 (11.3) | 17 (5.1) | 33 (30.3) | < 0.001 |
Low physical activity | 112 (25.3) | 42 (12.6) | 70 (64.2) | < 0.001 |
Physical exhaustion | 218 (49.2) | 125 (37.4) | 93 (85.3) | < 0.001 |
Muscle weakness | 157 (35.7) | 68 (20.5) | 89 (82.4) | < 0.001 |
Slow gait | 207 (52.7) | 128 (41.8) | 79 (90.8) | < 0.001 |
Emotion | ||||
GDS-5 ≥ 2 | 51 (11.5) | 29 (8.7) | 22 (20.2) | 0.001 |
HADS ≥8 | 19 (4.3) | 11 (3.3) | 8 (7.3) | 0.070 |
Physical Function | ||||
Barthel index < 60 | 21 (4.7) | 9 (2.7) | 12 (11) | < 0.001 |
Exercise ≥5 per week | 331 (74.7) | 292 (87.4) | 39 (35.8) | < 0.001 |
Walk 100 m without help | 361 (81.5) | 306 (91.6) | 55 (50.5) | < 0.001 |
Fall in the past year | 101 (22.8) | 65 (19.5) | 36 (33.0) | 0.003 |
Cognition, MMSE < 24 | 71 (16.0) | 35 (10.5) | 36 (33.0) | < 0.001 |