Fig. 3

Navigation performance of young and older adults from the 1st to the 9th learning trial. a. Both young and older adults navigated faster with learning. b. Larger rotation indicated less accuracy during learning. With learning, both groups completed the task with less rotation. c. Larger distance error indicated more detour during learning, whereas 0% indicated the ideal path. d. Larger successful population indicated more successful participants in a group and 100% indicated that all members succeeded in reaching the destination in 90 s. 3 young adults were excluded in the 6th and 7th trials because they exceeded three standard deviations from the average in rotation. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM