Table 2 Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators
Mediator | Major Cellular Sources | Major Activities |
|---|---|---|
IFN-gamma | Th1 cells, NK cells | Activation of inflammatory macrophages (M1), inhibition of Th2 responses, induction of leukocyte migration. |
IL-1beta | Monocyte/macrophages, PMNs. | Synthesis of acute-phase proteins by hepatocytes, induction of local and systemic inflammatory effects. |
IL-1RA | Monocyte/macrophages, dendritic cells. | Specific inhibitor of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta by competition with the cellular receptor. |
IL-4 | Th2 cells, mast cells, B cells | Induction of Th2 lymphocyte development, inhibition of pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokine production, activation of anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). |
IL-6 | Monocyte/macrophages, T cells, PMNs. | Produced during the inflammatory response, induces the synthesis of acute-phase proteins by hepatocytes, but presents an inhibitory effect on TNF- α and IL-1 production by macrophages. |
IL-8 (CXCL8) | Monocytes/macrophages, PMNs. | Major chemotactic cytokine (chemokine) for neutrophils. |
IL-10 | Monocyte/macrophage, Th2 cells, B cells | Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages and neutrophils, inhibition of Th1 cytokine production. |
IL-17 | Th17 cells | Activation of neutrophils, induction of extracellular matrix remodeling. |
IL-22 | Th17 and Th22 cells | Induction of epithelial cell proliferation and production of antimicrobial peptides by epithelial cells and neutrophils. |
IL-27 | Macrophages, dendritic cells. | Antagonist of Th1, Th2 and Th17 inflammatory responses, induction of Tr1 (regulatory) cells. |
TNF- α | Monocyte/macrophages, PMNs, T cells. | Synthesis of acute-phase proteins by hepatocytes, recruitment, and activation of cells into inflammatory sites, induction of insulin resistance. |