Table 2 Percentage distribution of cognitive impairment by background characteristics among older adults in India
Variables | Rural | Urban | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
% | p < 0.05 | % | p < 0.05 | |
Smoking tobacco | * | |||
No | 62.9 | 51.2 | ||
Yes | 62.4 | 58.4 | ||
Chewing tobacco | * | * | ||
No | 61.2 | 50.1 | ||
Yes | 68.2 | 62.3 | ||
Alcohol consumption | * | |||
No | 63.2 | 51.5 | ||
Yes | 58.7 | 59.6 | ||
Age (years) | * | * | ||
60–69 | 56.4 | 44.8 | ||
70–79 | 69.7 | 63.2 | ||
80+ | 79.1 | 76.5 | ||
Sex | * | * | ||
Men | 55.9 | 44.7 | ||
Women | 69.2 | 58.3 | ||
Education | * | * | ||
No education | 70.7 | 69.8 | ||
Below 5 years | 64.0 | 61.4 | ||
6–10 years | 42.7 | 37.9 | ||
11 + years | 30.7 | 31.8 | ||
Working status | * | * | ||
Yes | 54.0 | 49.1 | ||
No | 68.7 | 58.2 | ||
Retired | 35.5 | 29.1 | ||
Marital Status | * | * | ||
Currently in Union | 57.0 | 45.1 | ||
Not in Union | 72.3 | 61.1 | ||
Community involvement | * | * | ||
Yes | 60.8 | 48.4 | ||
No | 70.0 | 68.8 | ||
Trust over someone | * | * | ||
Yes | 61.2 | 50.6 | ||
No | 70.1 | 61.7 | ||
Living arrangement | * | * | ||
Others | 63.9 | 55.3 | ||
Living alone/with spouse | 59.2 | 38.6 | ||
Self-rated health | * | * | ||
Good | 52.7 | 39.6 | ||
Poor | 70.5 | 63.7 | ||
Chronic morbidity | * | * | ||
No | 56.3 | 39.7 | ||
Yes | 66.3 | 59.4 | ||
ADL | * | * | ||
High | 61.0 | 49.9 | ||
Low | 85.2 | 82.6 | ||
IADL | * | * | ||
High | 51.7 | 45.4 | ||
Low | 70.4 | 59.0 | ||
Caste | * | * | ||
Non-SC/ST | 60.5 | 49.6 | ||
SC/ST | 68.4 | 63.1 | ||
Religion | * | * | ||
Hindu | 62.8 | 50.8 | ||
Muslim | 69.6 | 60.5 | ||
Others | 59.9 | 53.8 | ||
Wealth index | * | * | ||
Rich | 50.7 | 46.2 | ||
Middle | 62.7 | 53.6 | ||
Poor | 68.8 | 64.3 | ||
States | * | * | ||
Himachal Pradesh | 55.2 | 34.7 | ||
Punjab | 58.9 | 45.5 | ||
West Bengal | 83.6 | 78.5 | ||
Orissa | 70.0 | 63.5 | ||
Maharashtra | 56.7 | 52.4 | ||
Kerala | 69.1 | 61.0 | ||
T amil Nadu | 49.2 | 32.3 | ||
Total | 62.8 | 52.0 | ||