Table 4 Hong Kong-specific potentially inappropriate medication list: independent of diagnosis (results of the Delphi process)
Medication class | Medications | ATC code | Median | IQR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Antispasmodics | Propantheline | A03AB05 | 5 | 3.50 ~ 5.00 |
Atropine | A03BA01 | 5 | 3.50 ~ 5.00 | |
Metoclopramide | A03FA01 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.00 | |
Long-acting sulfonylureas | Glipizide | A10BB07 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.50 |
Cardiac glycosides | Digoxin | C01AA05 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 |
Antiarrhythmics | Disopyramide | C01BA03 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 |
Amiodarone | C01BD01 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Antihypertensives | Methyldopa | C02AB | 4 | 3.75 ~ 4.25 |
Clonidine | C02AC01 | 4 | 3.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Prazosin | C02CA01 | 4 | 2.75 ~ 4.00 | |
Doxazosin | C02CA04 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 5.00 | |
Terazosin | G04CA03 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 5.00 | |
Calcium channel blockers | Nifedipine | C08CA05 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 5.00 |
Androgens | Testosterone | G03BA03 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 |
Estrogens | Estradiol | G03CA03 | 3.5 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 |
Tibolone | G03CX01 | 3.5 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Urologicals | Oxybutynin | G04BD04 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.00 |
Terazosin | G04CA03 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Doxazosin | C02CA04 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Prazosin | C02CA01 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Antibacterials for systemic use | Nitrofurantoin | J01XE01 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 5.00 |
Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products | Indometacin | M01AB01 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 |
Sulindac | M01AB02 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Diclofenac | M01AB05 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products | Ketorolac | M01AB15 | 4 | 3.75 ~ 4.00 |
Piroxicam | M01AC01 | 4 | 3.75 ~ 4.00 | |
Meloxicam | M01AC06 | 4 | 3.75 ~ 4.00 | |
Ibuprofen | M01AE01 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Naproxen | M01AE02 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Mefenamic acid | M01AG01 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Celecoxib | M01AH01 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Etoricoxib | M01AH05 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Muscle relaxants | Orphenadrine | M03BC01 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 |
Baclofen | M03BX01 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Tolperisone | M03BX04 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 4.00 | |
Antipsychotics | Chlorpromazine | N05AA01 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.25 |
Prochlorperazine | N05AB04 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.00 | |
Trifluoperazine | N05AB06 | 4 | 3.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Haloperidol | N05AD01 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Ziprasidone | N05AE04 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 4.00 | |
Pimozide | N05AG02 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.50 | |
Clozapine | N05AH02 | 3.5 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Olanzapine | N05AH03 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 4.00 | |
Quetiapine | N05AH04 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 4.00 | |
Risperidone | N05AX08 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 4.00 | |
Aripiprazole | N05AX12 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 4.00 | |
Paliperidone | N05AX13 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 4.00 | |
Benzodiazepines | Clonazepam | N03AE01 | 4 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 |
Diazepam | N05BA01 | 4 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Chlordiazepoxide | N05BA02 | 4 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Lorazepam | N05BA06 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 5.00 | |
Bromazepam | N05BA08 | 4 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Clobazam | N05BA09 | 4 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Alprazolam | N05BA12 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.00 | |
Nitrazepam | N05CD02 | 4 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Benzodiazepines | Flunitrazepam | N05CD03 | 4 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 |
Triazolam | N05CD05 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.00 | |
Midazolam | N05CD08 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.00 | |
Anxiolytics | Hydroxyzine | N05BB01 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 |
Hypnotics and sedatives | Zopiclone | N05CF01 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.50 |
Zolpidem | N05CF02 | 4 | 3.00 ~ 4.50 | |
Antidepressants | Imipramine | N06AA02 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 5.00 |
Clomipramine | N06AA04 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 5.00 | |
Trimipramine | N06AA06 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 5.00 | |
Amitriptyline | N06AA09 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 5.00 | |
Nortriptyline | N06AA10 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 5.00 | |
Doxepin | N06AA12 | 4 | 3.75 ~ 5.00 | |
Antihistamines | Chlorpheniramine | R06AB04 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 |
Cyproheptadine | R06AX02 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Dexchlorpheniramine | R06AB02 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Diphenhydramine | R06AA02 | 4 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 | |
Promethazine | R06AD02 | 3.5 | 2.75 ~ 4.25 | |
New PIMs suggested by the expert panel | ||||
Analgesics | Acetaminophen | N07BC02 | 3 | 2.50 ~ 4.00 |
Methyl salicylate topical ointment | A06AG01 | 3 | 3.00 ~ 4.00 | |
Methadone | A06AD15 | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.50 | |
Laxatives | Sodium phosphate enema | M05BA | 4 | 4.00 ~ 4.00 |
Polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder | N02AA59 | 4 | 3.50 ~ 4.00 | |