Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants after 1:1 propensity-score matching
|  | HI group n = 709 | Non-HI group n = 709 |
|---|---|---|
Agea, year | 73.4 ± 7.7 | 73.5 ± 7.7 |
Female sex, n (%) | 279 (39.4%) | 279 (39.4%) |
Heighta, cm | 159.7 ± 8.8 | 159.7 ± 8.4 |
Weighta, kg | 59.4 ± 10.7 | 59.8 ± 10.4 |
Body mass indexa, kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 23.4 ± 3.6 |
Assistive devices, n (%) | ||
 Eyeglasses | 366 (51.6%) | 377 (53.2%) |
 Hearing aids | 83 (11.7%) | NA |
 Dental prostheses | 534 (75.3%) | 536 (75.6%) |
 Crutches | 109 (15.4%) | 114 (16.1%) |
Living arrangements, n (%) | ||
 Home | 694 (97.9%) | 693 (97.7%) |
 Nursing home | 15 (2.1%) | 16 (2.3%) |
Educational level, n (%) | ||
 Elementary school or below | 570 (80.4%) | 557 (78.6%) |
 Junior high school | 61 (8.6%) | 66 (9.3%) |
 Senior high school | 64 (9.0%) | 66 (9.3%) |
 College or above | 14 (2.0%) | 20 (2.8%) |
Marital status, n (%) | ||
 Married/Cohabitating | 431 (60.8%) | 424 (59.8%) |
 Single/Divorced/Widowed | 278 (39.2%) | 285 (40.2%) |
Living conditions, n (%) | ||
 Living alone | 82 (11.6%) | 82 (11.6%) |
 Living with spouse or children | 627 (88.4%) | 627 (88.4%) |
Self-rated health condition, n (%) | ||
 Good or very good | 156 (22.0%) | 166 (23.4%) |
 Okay | 280 (39.5%) | 266 (37.5%) |
 Bad or very bad | 273 (38.5%) | 277 (39.1%) |
Self-reported economic pressure, n (%) | ||
 No | 482 (68.0%) | 483 (68.1%) |
 Some | 144 (20.3%) | 150 (21.2%) |
 Heavy | 83 (11.7%) | 76 (10.7%) |
Health-related behaviors, n (%) | ||
 Smoking | 195 (27.5%) | 186 (26.2%) |
 Alcohol | 185 (26.1%) | 176 (24.8%) |
 Betel nuts | 44 (6.2%) | 46 (6.5%) |
Exercise habits, n (%) | ||
 No | 260 (36.7%) | 254 (35.8%) |
 Exercise < 3 time/week | 48 (6.8%) | 36 (5.1%) |
 Exercise ≥3 times/week | 401 (56.6%) | 419 (59.1%) |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||
 Hypertension | 273 (38.5%) | 279 (39.4%) |
 Diabetes mellitus | 105 (14.8%) | 116 (16.4%) |
 Heart disease | 155 (21.9%) | 156 (22.0%) |
 Stroke | 44 (6.2%) | 45 (6.4%) |
 COPD | 117 (16.5%) | 122 (17.2%) |
 Arthritis | 161 (22.7%) | 155 (21.9%) |
 Gastric ulcer | 152 (21.4%) | 150 (21.2%) |
 Hepatobiliary disease | 56 (7.9%) | 61 (8.6%) |
 Hip fracture | 19 (2.7%) | 17 (2.4%) |
 Cataract | 199 (28.1%) | 204 (28.8%) |
 Chronic kidney disease | 66 (9.3%) | 65 (9.2%) |
 Spine spondylosis | 67 (9.5%) | 68 (9.6%) |
Physical and psychosocial statusa | ||
 Social support score | 15.8 ± 3.2 | 15.8 ± 3.4 |
 Social participation | 0.42 ± 0.49 | 0.45 ± 0.50 |
 Mobility score | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 2.4 ± 2.4 |
 IADL score | 0.64 ± 1.23 | 0.65 ± 1.31 |
 CESD score | 4.3 ± 5.2 | 4.1 ± 5.1 |
 SPMSQ score | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 8.3 ± 1.2 |
 Quality of Life score | 7.5 ± 3.0 | 7.5 ± 3.1 |