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Table 2 Outcomes by frailty from multivariate regression modelling

From: Frailty assessment and risk prediction by GRACE score in older patients with acute myocardial infarction

 

All patients

(n = 198)

Not frail

(CFS 1–4)

(n = 158)

Frail

(CFS 5–9)

(n = 40)

Unadjusted RR per unit increase in CFS

p-value

Adjusted RR per unit increase in CFSa

p-value

Index hospital admission outcome

 Cardiac catheterization

141 (71)

128 (81)

13 (33)

0.46 (0.35–0.58)

< 0.001

0.53 (0.40–0.70)

< 0.001

 Dead

10 (5)

4 (3)

6 (15)

1.98 (1.60–2.44)

< 0.001

1.90 (1.47–2.44)

< 0.001

At 12 months

 Attended cardiac rehabilitationb

62 (33)

62 (40)

0 (0)

0.49 (0.36–0.64)

< 0.001

0.59 (0.42–0.80)

0.001

 Readmittedb

46 (24)

34 (22)

12 (35)

1.39 (1.17–1.67)

< 0.001

1.10 (0.86–1.40)

0.44

 Dead

33 (17)

14 (9)

19 (48)

1.98 (1.60–2.44)

< 0.001

1.90 (1.47–2.44)

< 0.001

  1. Outcomes presented by frailty status as numbers (%). Modelling is Cox proportional hazards for death and readmission (producing a hazard ratio), and logistic regression for cardiac catheterization and cardiac rehabilitation (producing an odds ratio). In all cases, frailty is considered as a continuous variable. Each risk ratio (hazard ratio or odds ratio) presented as risk change per unit increase in CFS (from 1 to 9) with 95% confidence intervals
  2. aAdjusted for age, sex and Charlson Comorbidity Index score
  3. bIn those who survived to discharge (n = 188; not frail n = 154; frail n = 34)