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Table 3 Regressing PCS, showing unstandardized regression coefficients

From: The paradox of aging and health-related quality of life in Asian Chinese: results from the Healthy Aging Longitudinal Study in Taiwan

 

PCS

model 1

model 2

model 3

model 4

Age

−0.28 (0.015)**

−0.22 (0.017)**

− 0.025 (0.017)

0.055 (0.059)

Covariates

 Female (ref. male)

 

−1.73 (0.26)**

0.34 (0.33)

0.33 (0.33)

 Elementary school (ref. illiterate)

 

−0.47 (0.41)

−0.45 (0.36)

− 0.48 (0.36)

 Middle school or higher (ref. illiterate)

 

0.30 (0.47)

0.27 (0.42)

0.20 (0.42)

 Employed (ref. unemployed)

 

1.45 (0.29)**

0.86 (0.26)**

0.87 (0.26)**

 Partnered (ref. unpartnered)

 

−0.39 (0.31)

− 0.64 (0.27)*

−0.67 (0.28)*

 Living in urban areas (ref. rural)

 

1.38 (0.24)**

1.15 (0.21)**

1.12 (0.21)**

 Cohabitant (ref. alone)

 

−1.34 (0.44)*

−0.92 (0.39)*

−0.91 (0.39)*

 MMSE

 

0.22 (0.043)**

−0.080 (0.039)*

−0.088 (0.039)*

 CES-D

 

−0.31 (0.019)**

−0.18 (0.018)**

− 0.17 (0.018)**

Objective health indicators

 Handgrip strength

  

0.11 (0.018)**

−0.18 (0.098)

 SPPB

  

1.63 (0.050)**

3.07 (0.42)**

Interaction terms

 Age*handgrip

   

0.0043 (0.0014)*

 Age*SPPB

   

−0.020 (0.0056)**

  1. Note: N = 5022. *p-value< 0.05, ** p-value< 0.001. Model 1: age (unadjusted); model 2: same as model 1 plus demographic, SES, MMSE, and CES-D variables; model 3: same as model 2 plus objective health indicators; model 4: same as model 3 plus interactions between age and objective health indicators. Preliminary analyses did not find any evidence for quadratic or cubic age terms (ps > .05); therefore, subsequent analyses included only a linear age term