Perceived availability of future care and depressive symptoms among older adults in China: evidence from CHARLS

Silverstein, Merril; Gong, Cathy Honge; Kendig, Hal

doi:10.1186/s12877-020-1435-1

BMC Geriatrics

Table 7 Joint predictors of depression score among older Chinese (with all controls, interactions, lagged depression)

From: Perceived availability of future care and depressive symptoms among older adults in China: evidence from CHARLS

DV: depression score	Model 21		Model 22		Model 23
DV: depression score	b	se	b	se	b	se
Depression score-baseline	0.332***	0.011	0.333***	0.011	0.332***	0.011
(0) Expected future care support (no)	0.881**	0.440	1.285***	0.202	0.762***	0.188
(1) Interaction items
With support & better living standard (Ref.)
With support & average living standard	−0.010	0.494
With support & worse living standard
No support & better living standard	−0.399	0.696
No support & average living standard
No support & worse living standard	0.679	0.462
With support & urban (Ref.)
With support & rural
No support & urban
No support & rural			0.032	0.251
With support & no ADL (Ref.)
With support & with ADL
No support & no ADL					0.720***	0.244
No support & with ADL					1.255**	0.618
(2) Predisposing factors
Aged 45–54
Aged 55–64	0.038	0.139	0.047	0.140	0.051	0.140
Aged 55–74	−0.382**	0.174	−0.367**	0.176	−0.370**	0.176
Aged 75+	−1.213***	0.249	−1.204***	0.250	−1.209***	0.249
Male
Female	0.537***	0.113	0.536***	0.113	0.538***	0.113
Rural
Urban	−0.509***	0.122	−0.532**	0.215	−0.504***	0.123
(3) Financial factors
Under primary schooling
Second schooling	−0.324**	0.133	−0.318**	0.135	−0.325**	0.135
College and above degree	−0.088	0.347	−0.078	0.355	−0.078	0.350
Better living standard
About same living standard	0.167	0.557	0.294	0.258	0.295	0.258
Worse living standard	1.400***	0.534	1.050***	0.255	1.052***	0.255
Not reported	0.000	(omitted)	0.703**	0.318	0.704**	0.318
(3) Health factors
Without ADLs
With ADLs	1.194***	0.316	1.189***	0.317	0.972**	0.395
ADLs not reported	−1.483***	0.115	−1.480***	0.116	0.000	(omitted)
With IADLs	1.413***	0.201	1.422***	0.201	1.416***	0.201
No disease
One disease	0.403***	0.136	0.401***	0.137	0.399***	0.136
Two diseases	0.437***	0.158	0.434***	0.159	0.448***	0.158
Three and more diseases	0.649***	0.173	0.651***	0.175	0.653***	0.175
Diseases not reported	0.173	0.932	0.174	0.939	0.132	0.941
With functional loss	1.051***	0.187	1.049***	0.187	1.044***	0.186
With bad memory	1.300***	0.127	1.288***	0.128	1.295***	0.127
Level of pain (0–5)	0.126***	0.035	0.127***	0.035	0.125***	0.035
Childhood health (1 = excellent, 5 = poor)	0.022	0.049	0.021	0.049	0.020	0.049
(4) Social factors
Married (omitted)
Separated/divorced/widowed	0.691 ***	0.204	0.685***	0.205	0.691***	0.204
Single	0.288	0.921	0.289	0.924	0.344	0.924
No child (omitted)
One child	0.500	0.641	0.502	0.641	0.524	0.642
Two children	0.715	0.638	0.724	0.636	0.740	0.639
Three or more children	0.848	0.652	0.865	0.650	0.882	0.652
Not reported	2.856	4.464	3.092	4.519	3.283	4.495
Children visiting daily or weekly (omitted)
Children visiting every month	−0.098	0.242	−0.096	0.244	−0.093	0.243
Children visiting every year	0.296	0.223	0.296	0.224	0.304	0.223
Children visiting less than once per year	0.177	0.766	0.143	0.796	0.208	0.760
Not reported	0.654***	0.282	0.658**	0.283	0.642**	0.282
Children contacting daily or weekly (omitted)
Children contacting every month	0.256	0.196	0.255	0.198	0.254	0.196
Children contacting every year	0.386	0.387	0.384	0.388	0.394	0.387
Children contacting less than once per year	−0.360	0.399	−0.348	0.404	−0.358	0.401
Not reported	0.242	0.236	0.249	0.238	0.262	0.238
Children co-residing in same household	−0.122	0.179	−0.131	0.181	−0.131	0.180
Children living in a same neighbourhood	−0.417*	0.240	−0.430*	0.244	−0.431*	0.240
Social activities: leisure	−0.511***	0.114	−0.512***	0.114	−0.513***	0.114
Social activities: helping others	0.125	0.147	0.130	0.147	0.130	0.146
Social activities: learning	−0.366	0.280	−0.377	0.288	−0.367	0.287
Cons	3.172	0.847	3.345	0.749	2.725	0.761
Sample size	10,458		10,458		10,458
R-Square	0.344		0.344		0.344

(1) * indicate statistically significant at 10%, ** indicate significant at 5%, and *** indicate significant at 1%. (2) Based on Model 5, Model 11 further controls for the lagged depression, interaction term of expected future care support with perceived living standard; Model 12 controls for interaction term with urban/rural residency; Model 13 controls for interaction term with ADL. (3) Reference groups in each category are: Aged 45–54, male, rural, under primary schooling, better living standard, without ADLs, without IADLs, without disease, without functional loss, without bad memory, excellent childhood health, married with spouse presented, without child, children visiting daily or weekly, children contacting daily or weekly, no social activities for leisure, no social activities for helping others, no social activities for learning. (4) The “not reported” group in each variable is treated as a separated group in order to maintain full sample size for estimation. Data source: CHARLS 2013, weights are used. Lagged depression scores are from 2011

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ISSN: 1471-2318

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