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Table 6 Joint predictors of depression score among older Chinese (with all control variables and interactions)

From: Perceived availability of future care and depressive symptoms among older adults in China: evidence from CHARLS

DV: depression score

Model 11

Model 12

Model 13

b

se

b

se

b

se

(0) Depression score at baseline

No

 

No

 

No

 

(1.1) Expected future care support (no)

1.308***

0.271

1.331***

0.200

0.975***

0.191

(1.2) Interaction items

      

With support & better living standard (Ref.)

      

With support & average living standard

0.345

0.380

    

With support & worse living standard

      

No support & better living standard

−0.700

0.590

    

No support & average living standard

      

No support & worse living standard

0.732**

0.311

    

With support & urban

      

With support & rural

      

No support & urban

      

No support & rural

  

0.487*

0.245

  

With support & no ADL

      

With support & with ADL

      

No support & no ADL

    

0.871***

0.247

No support & with ADL

      

(2) Predisposing factors

    

1.503**

0.597

Aged 45–54

      

Aged 55–64

−0.139

0.132

−0.124

0.133

−0.121

0.133

Aged 55–74

− 0.642***

0.156

−0.618***

0.159

−0.625***

0.159

Aged 75+

−1.963***

0.228

−1.952***

0.227

−1.948***

0.228

Male

      

Female

0.852***

0.113

0.849***

0.114

0.855***

0.114

Rural

      

Urban

−0.719***

0.114

−1.068***

0.216

−0.717***

0.115

(3) Financial factors

      

Under primary schooling

      

Second schooling

−0.590***

0.126

−0.580***

0.128

−0.588***

0.128

College and above degree

−0.530*

0.320

−0.504

0.326

−0.512

0.327

Better living standard

      

About same living standard

−0.325

0.445

0.142

0.251

0.144

0.253

Worse living standard

1.580***

0.393

1.278***

0.243

1.274***

0.244

(3) Health factors

      

Without ADLs

      

With ADLs

1.627***

0.300

1.607***

0.302

2.872***

0.502

ADLs not reported

−2.157***

0.118

−2.160***

0.119

  

With IADLs

2.035***

0.185

2.049***

0.186

2.042***

0.186

No disease

      

One disease

0.618***

0.136

0.616***

0.137

0.614***

0.136

Two diseases

0.942***

0.161

0.938***

0.164

0.957***

0.162

Three and more diseases

1.655***

0.177

1.662***

0.180

1.658***

0.180

With functional loss

1.307***

0.175

1.307***

0.175

1.032***

0.175

With bad memory

1.602***

0.119

1.598***

0.119

1.064***

0.119

Level of pain (0–5)

0.146***

0.039

0.147***

0.039

0.145***

0.039

Childhood health (1 = excellent, 5 = poor)

0.198***

0.047

0.196***

0.047

0.194***

0.047

(4) Social factors

      

Married (omitted)

      

Separated/divorced/widowed

1.142***

0.194

1.142***

0.195

1.149***

0.194

Single

1.154

0.823

1.116

0.830

1.205

0.836

No child (omitted)

      

One child

0.223

0.503

0.226

0.505

0.218

0.518

Two children

0.362

0.509

0.374

0.511

0.356

0.522

Three or more children

0.538

0.532

0.560

0.534

0.546

0.544

Children visiting daily or weekly (omitted)

      

Children visiting every month

−0.205

0.236

−0.200

0.239

−0.194

0.238

Children visiting every year

0.518**

0.212

0.520**

0.213

0.538**

0.213

Children visiting less than once per year

0.942

0.845

0.986

0.893

0.979

0.854

Children contacting daily or weekly (omitted)

      

Children contacting every month

0.461**

0.196

0.466 **

0.199

0.461**

0.197

Children contacting every year

0.873**

0.375

0.874 **

0.376

0.894**

0.375

Children contacting less than once per year

0.037

0.329

0.050

0.336

0.056

0.333

Children co-residing in same household

−0.209

0.176

−0.233

0.180

−0.214

0.179

Children living in a same neighbourhood

−0.466*

0.241

−0.496*

0.247

−0.485**

0.242

Social activities for leisure

−0.716***

0.110

−0.710***

0.110

−0.716***

0.111

Social activities for helping others

0.078

0.142

0.097

0.143

0.086

0.144

Social activities for learning

−0.757***

0.271

−0.778***

0.278

−0.770***

0.284

Cons

5.866

 

6.000

 

5.144

 

Sample size

13,855

 

13,855

 

13,855

 

R-Square

0.2459

 

0.2447

 

0.2456

 
  1. (1) * indicate statistically significant at 10%, ** indicate significant at 5%, and *** indicate significant at 1%. (2) Based on Model 5, Model 11 further controls for the interaction term of expected future care support with perceived living standard; Model 12 controls for interaction term with urban/rural residency; Model 13 controls for interaction term with ADL. (3) Reference groups in each category are: Aged 45–54, male, rural, under primary schooling, better living standard, without ADLs, without IADLs, without disease, without functional loss, without bad memory, excellent childhood health, married with spouse presented, without child, children visiting daily or weekly, children contacting daily or weekly, no social activities for leisure, no social activities for helping others, no social activities for learning. (4) The “not reported” group in each variable is treated as a separated group in order to maintain full sample size for estimation. (5) Lagged depression scores are not controlled for in Models 11–13.Data source: CHARLS 2013, weights are used. Lagged depression scores are from 2011
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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