Hand grip strength variability during serial testing as an entropic biomarker of aging: a Poincaré plot analysis

BMC Geriatrics

Table 3 Comparison of recorded parameters between young and older men groups

Parameters	Young men (n = 40), mean ± SD	Older men (n = 40), mean ± SD	U	z	p	r
HGS, D (kgf)	46.85 ± 6.09	31.44 ± 7.35	100	6.73	≤ 0.05	1.06
Fatigue, D (%)	15.89 ± 7.68	34.74 ± 15.86	203	−5.74	≤ 0.05	− 0.91
SD₁, D (kgf)	1.18 ± 0.42	1.56 ± 0.26	291.5	−4.89	≤ 0.05	−0.77
SD₂, D (kgf)	3.36 ± 1.32	6.13 ± 1.82	191	−5.86	≤ 0.05	−0.93
SD₁/SD₂, D	0.36 ± 0.10	0.29 ± 0.17	375	4.08	≤ 0.05	0.65
AFE, D (kgf²)	13.60 ± 12.08	29.65 ± 9.01	145	−6.30	≤ 0.05	−1
HGS, ND (kgf)	43.39 ± 5.63	27.68 ± 6.80	86.5	6.86	≤ 0.05	1.08
Fatigue, ND (%)	16.87 ± 8.54	38.61 ± 12.45	162.5	− 6.13	≤ 0.05	− 0.97
SD₁, ND (kgf)	1.13 ± 0.36	1.50 ± 0.27	270	−5.10	≤ 0.05	− 0.81
SD₂, ND (kgf)	3.51 ± 1.52	6.03 ± 1.91	240.5	−5.38	≤ 0.05	−0.85
SD₁/SD₂, ND	0.36 ± 0.14	0.28 ± 0.13	491.5	2.96	≤ 0.05	0.47
AFE, ND (kgf²)	13.31 ± 9.95	28.42 ± 9.96	179.5	−5.97	≤ 0.05	−0.94

HGS hand grip strength, D dominant, ND nondominant, SD standard deviation, AFE area of the fitting ellipse, n number of subjects, U Mann–Whitney’s U-test values, z scores, p thresholds of statistical significance, r effect size coefficient

ISSN: 1471-2318