From: Pain and recurrent falls in the older and oldest-old non-institutionalized population
Variable | 65–79 years | 80 or more years | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
no pain - mild pain | moderate-severe pain | p | no pain - mild pain | moderate-severe pain | p | |
Age (years) | ||||||
mean (SD) | 72.16 (4.24) | 71.54 (4.15) | 0.368 | 84.81 (4.22) | 84.67 (4.22) | 0.702 |
minimum-maximum | 65–79 | 65–79 | 80–99 | 80–100 | ||
Gender | ||||||
women (%) | 75 (49.34) | 45 (78.95) | < 0.01 | 187 (58.62) | 144 (71.29) | < 0.01 |
men | 77 (50.66) | 12 (21.05) | 132 (41.38) | 58 (28.71) | ||
Education | ||||||
university students (%) | 11 (7.28) | 3 (5.26) | 0.452 | 18 (5.75) | 3 (1.52) | 0.038 |
middle school | 21 (13.91) | 4 (7.02) | 33 (10.54) | 14 (7.07) | ||
elementary school | 89 (58.94) | 35 (61.40) | 175 (55.91) | 112 (56.57) | ||
none | 30 (19.87) | 15 (26.32) | 87 (27.80) | 69 (34.85) | ||
Address | ||||||
live alone (nobody) (%) | 26 (13.90) | 17 (24.64) | 0.054 | 95 (27.30) | 52 (22.61) | 0.272 |
partner/spouse | 103 (55.08) | 29 (42.03) | 0.036 | 114 (32.76) | 67 (29.13) | 0.507 |
son/daughter | 48 (25.67) | 20 (28.96) | 0.623 | 96 (27.59) | 73 (31.74) | 0.210 |
grandson/granddaughter | 9 (4.81) | 3 (4.35) | 1.000 | 24 (6.90) | 23 (10) | 0.160 |
non-family caregiver | 1 (0.53) | 0 | 1.000 | 19 (5.46) | 15 (6.52) | 0.587 |
Technical assistance for walking at home | ||||||
none (%) | 137 (95.80) | 49 (87.5) | 0.614 | 234 (69.85) | 115 (55.29) | < 0.01 |
furniture support | 1 (0.70) | 3 (5.36) | 0.060 | 12 (3.58) | 12 (5.77) | 0.286 |
person | 0 | 0 | 1000 | 9 (2.69) | 9 (4.33) | 0.334 |
cane (unipodal/English)/tripod | 2 (1.40) | 4 (7.14) | 0.247 | 48 (14.33) | 40 (19.23) | 0.148 |
walker with/without wheels | 1 (0.70) | 0 | 1.000 | 18 (5.37) | 13 (6.25) | 0.584 |
wheelchair | 2 (1.40) | 0 | 1.000 | 14 (4.18) | 19 (9.13) | 0.027 |
Technical assistance for walking on the street | ||||||
none (%) | 130 (91.55) | 50 (87.72) | 0.648 | 190 (59.19) | 86 (42.16) | < 0.01 |
furniture support | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 2 (0.98) | 0.149 |
person | 1 (0.70) | 1 (1.75) | 0.467 | 13 (4.05) | 14 (6.86) | 0.159 |
cane (unipodal/bipodal)/tripod | 9 (6.34) | 6 (10.53) | 0.767 | 84 (26.17) | 69 (33.82) | 0.066 |
walker with/without wheels | 1 (0.70) | 0 | 1.000 | 12 (3.74) | 12 (5.88) | 0.235 |
wheelchair | 1 (0.70) | 0 | 1.000 | 22 (6.85) | 21 (10.29) | 0.190 |
Functional status (range 0–6; 0 independent) | ||||||
mean (SD) | 0.22 (0.63) | 0.39 (0.98) | 0.292 | 0.96 (1.74) | 1.73 (2.17) | < 0.01 |
minimum-maximum | 0–5 | 0–6 | 0–6 | 0–6 | ||
Body mass index | ||||||
mean (SD) | 28.84 (4.22) | 29.12 (4.6) | 0.828 | 28.07 (4.99) | 29.11 (5.21) | 0.037 |
≥ 1 fall in the previous 6 months (%) | 32 (21.05) | 12 (21.05) | 1000 | 72 (22.64) | 79 (39.11) | < 0.01 |
Chronic diseases | ||||||
hypertension (%) | 77 (50.66) | 33 (57.89) | 0.437 | 152 (47.65) | 108 (53.47) | 0.209 |
diabetes mellitus 2 (%) | 29 (19.21) | 11 (19.30) | 1000 | 50 (15.67) | 51 (25.25) | < 0.01 |
dyslipidaemia (%) | 54 (35.76) | 26 (45.61) | 0.205 | 61 (19.18) | 58 (28.71) | 0.014 |
acute myocardial infarction/other heart diseases (%) | 46 (15.18) | 28 (24.56) | 0.061 | 87 (13.81) | 74 (18.32) | 0.134 |
bronchial asthma/COPD (%) | 37 (12.17) | 8 (7.02) | 0.639 | 79 (12.42) | 52 (12.87) | 0.751 |
arthrosis or arthritis (%) | 74 (48.68) | 47 (82.46) | < 0.01 | 169 (52.98) | 158 (78.22) | < 0.01 |
osteoporosis (%) | 18 (11.84) | 19 (33.33) | < 0.01 | 35 (11.04) | 52 (26) | < 0.01 |
good visual acuity (%) | 134 (88.16) | 48 (84.21) | 0.489 | 249 (81.11) | 155 (78.68) | 0.567 |
Cognitive decline | ||||||
Pfeiffer, 0–2 errors (%) | 132 (88.59) | 52 (91.23) | 0.801 | 226 (73.14) | 142 (70,30) | 0.483 |
Pfeiffer, 3 or more errors | 17 | 5 | 83 | 60 | ||
Affective symptoms (Yesavage test: 2 or more points) (%) | 21 (13.91) | 17 (29.82) | 0.015 | 93 (31.31) | 104 (53.06) | < 0.01 |
Balance (total score), range 0–7 | ||||||
mean (SD) | 6.56 (0.98) | 6.49 (0.98) | 0.611 | 5.42 (2.13) | 4.59 (2.37) | < 0.01 |
minimum-maximum | 1–7 | 3–7 | 0–7 | 0–7 | ||
Total strength (total score), range 0–34 | ||||||
mean (SD) | 32.69 (2.29) | 31.98 (3.88) | 0.322 | 28.94 (8.15) | 23.83 (10.59) | < 0.01 |
minimum-maximum | 20–34 | 12–34 | 0–34 | 0–34 | ||
Number of drugs | ||||||
mean (SD) | 3.56 (2.68) | 4.77 (2.85) | < 0.01 | 4.06 (2.45) | 5.06 (2.61) | < 0.01 |
minimum-maximum | 0–12 | 0–11 | 0–11 | 0–12 | ||
1 or more drugs with risk of falls (%) | 31 (20.39) | 22 (38.60) | < 0.01 | 93 (29.15) | 77 (38.12) | 0.029 |
1 or more analgesics (%) | 21 (14.29) | 17 (30.36) | < 0.01 | 81 (25.47) | 86 (43.22) | < 0.01 |