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Table 4 Decomposition of risk factors: the nine SQMSQ itemsa, b, c, d

From: Decomposition of gender differences in cognitive functioning: National Survey of the Japanese elderly

 

Cognitive functioning:

No. of incorrect answers [t=baseline]

Cognitive decline:

Increase in the no. of incorrect answers [t+ 1]-[t]

Cognitive impairment

Male

0.622 (0.024)

0.577 (0.025)

1.104 (1.088–1.121)

Women

0.857 (0.023)

0.581 (0.022)

1.137 (1.121–1.153)

Difference

− 0.235**(0.033)

− 0.004 (0.033)

0.971**(0.952–0.991)

 

Explained

Unexplained

Explained

Unexplained

Explained

Unexplained

Overall

−0.116**(0.036)

−0.119*(0.046)

− 0.124**(0.035)

0.121**(0.047)

0.949**(0.922–0.976)

1.024 (0.987–1.062)

Age

0.046 (0.038)

2.975 (7.742)

0.047 (0.041)

−15.775*(7.764)

1.002 (0.981–1.024)

0.034 (0.000–3.964)

Age2/100

− 0.057 (0.040)

−1.422 (3.791)

− 0.063 (0.043)

7.618*(3.754)

0.993 (0.972–1.015)

4.729 (0.500–44.693)

Years of education

− 0.153**(0.037)

2.287**(0.615)

−0.118**(0.036)

− 0.577 (0.713)

0.964**(0.944–0.983)

1.093 (0.775–1.542)

Years of education2/100

0.101**(0.036)

− 0.974**(0.306)

0.094**(0.035)

0.234 (0.336)

1.022*(1.001–1.045)

0.933 (0.771–1.130)

Current worker

− 0.024**(0.008)

0.015 (0.025)

0.002 (0.009)

0.006 (0.028)

0.996 (0.990–1.002)

1.009 (0.989–1.029)

Longest occupation (Ref. Professional)

 Clerical

− 0.005 (0.006)

0.010 (0.027)

− 0.005 (0.006)

− 0.018 (0.026)

0.999 (0.994–1.004)

0.979 (0.951–1.008)

 Manual

0.018 (0.013)

−0.009 (0.029)

0.022#(0.013)

0.029 (0.028)

1.007 (0.996–1.019)

0.986 (0.960–1.012)

Agriculture/forestry/fishery

0.011*(0.005)

0.002 (0.019)

0.003 (0.005)

−0.024 (0.019)

1.003 (0.999–1.007)

0.987 (0.971–1.003)

Domestic worker

−0.019 (0.025)

− 0.008 (0.031)

−0.059*(0.025)

− 0.007 (0.029)

0.979*(0.959–0.999)

0.981 (0.946–1.016)

Single

−0.042**(0.015)

0.026 (0.020)

−0.008 (0.015)

− 0.022 (0.017)

0.991 (0.981–1.002)

0.993 (0.980–1.006)

Home ownership

−0.001 (0.002)

− 0.076 (0.085)

−0.002 (0.002)

− 0.052 (0.096)

0.999 (0.998–1.001)

0.964 (0.902–1.030)

Group activity

−0.001 (0.002)

− 0.045 (0.044)

−0.005*(0.002)

− 0.011 (0.049)

0.999#(0.997–1.000)

0.972 (0.937–1.008)

Current smoker

0.003 (0.015)

−0.006 (0.016)

− 0.008 (0.017)

−0.010 (0.017)

0.999 (0.987–1.010)

0.996 (0.984–1.008)

Alcohol consumption

0.017 (0.015)

−0.011 (0.030)

− 0.035*(0.016)

0.015 (0.032)

0.993 (0.982–1.004)

0.999 (0.978–1.021)

Exercise

−0.004#(0.002)

− 0.018 (0.031)

−0.001 (0.002)

− 0.023 (0.034)

0.999 (0.998–1.000)

1.002 (0.980–1.025)

Hearing impairment

0.002 (0.002)

0.000 (0.008)

0.001 (0.002)

− 0.019*(0.009)

1.001 (1.000–1.002)

0.998 (0.994–1.002)

Diabetes

−0.001 (0.002)

0.012 (0.008)

−0.002 (0.003)

− 0.005 (0.010)

1.000 (0.999–1.002)

1.002 (0.995–1.008)

Hypertension

0.005*(0.002)

0.009 (0.019)

0.000 (0.002)

0.004 (0.021)

1.000 (0.999–1.002)

0.996 (0.982–1.010)

Stroke

−0.000 (0.001)

− 0.008 (0.008)

0.001 (0.002)

0.007 (0.008)

1.000 (1.000–1.001)

0.999 (0.994–1.004)

Constant

 

−2.753 (3.980)

 

8.740*(4.059)

 

7.189 (0.550–94.038)

Observations

3581

  1. a Coefficients with robust standard errors in parentheses estimated by the linear model for ‘cognitive functioning’ and ‘cognitive decline’; Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals based on robust standard errors in parentheses estimated by the logit model for ‘Cognitive impairment’. ** p< 0.01, * p< 0.05, # p< 0.10
  2. b Participating waves are included in the models
  3. c Cognitive impairment: Three or more incorrect answers out of nine
  4. d Analyses were conducted by STATA command ‘oaxaca’ [46]