Table 1 Sample characteristics
Variables | Mean±SD/N(%) |
|---|---|
Sex | |
 Male | 3808 (46.97%) |
 Female | 4300 (53.03%) |
Age (year) | 82.46±11.01 |
 65–79 | 3496 (43.12%) |
 80–105 | 4612 (56.88%) |
Place of residence | |
 Urban | 4764 (58.76%) |
 Rural | 3344 (41.24%) |
Education | |
 Uneducated | 3418 (42.16%) |
 Educated | 4690 (57.84%) |
Marital status | |
 Living without spouse | 4287 (52.87%) |
 Living with spouse | 3821 (47.13%) |
Physical exercise (recently) | |
 No | 5160 (63.64%) |
 Yes | 2948 (36.36%) |
Social activity (recently) | |
 No | 6765 (83.44%) |
 Yes | 1343 (16.56%) |
BMI | 22.58±3.65 |
 underweight | 1154 (14.23%) |
 normal | 4184 (51.60%) |
 overweight | 2063 (25.44%) |
 obese | 707 (8.72%) |
Experience of falls | |
 No | 6368 (78.54%) |
 Yes | 1740 (21.46%) |
Hypertension | |
 No | 4489 (55.37%) |
 Yes | 3619 (44.63%) |
Diabetes | |
 No | 7208 (88.90%) |
 Yes | 900 (11.10%) |
Heart disease | |
 No | 6652 (82.04%) |
 Yes | 1456 (17.96%) |
Stroke | |
 No | 7232 (89.20%) |
 Yes | 876 (10.80%) |
Asthma | |
 No | 7324 (90.33%) |
 Yes | 784 (9.67%) |
Cancer | |
 No | 7983 (98.46%) |
 Yes | 125 (1.54%) |
MMSE | |
 Total score | 25.9±5.5 |
 Normal | 6363 (78.48%) |
 Cognitive decline | 1745 (21.52%) |
Depression | |
 Total score | 7.5±4.2 |
 Normal | 5949 (73.37%) |
 Having depression symptoms | 2159 (26.63%) |
BADL | 6.6±1.7 |
BADL disability | 943 (11.63%) |
IADL | 12.3±5.4 |
IADL disability | 3186 (39.29%) |
BADL/IADL | 18.9±6.6 |
BADL/IADL disability | 3245 (40.02%) |