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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of older patients without and with heart failure

From: Physical frailty and long-term mortality in older people with chronic heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction: a retrospective longitudinal study

Characteristics

Non-Heart Failure (n = 660)

Heart Failure (n = 151)

P value

Mean age (years)

81.4

(74.7–85.5)

82.7

(77.1–86.1)

0.116

Male

439

(66.5)

111

(73.5)

0.118

BMI (kg/m2)

23.8

(21.5–26.7)

24.5

(22.3–27.3)

0.030

Comorbidities

 Diabetes mellitus

341

(51.7)

84

(55.6)

0.430

 Hypertension

554

(83.9)

138

(91.4)

0.027

 Hyperlipidemia

277

(42.0)

74

(49.0)

0.138

 Cardiovascular disease

150

(22.7)

65

(43.0)

< 0.001

 AF

14

(2.1)

14

(9.3)

< 0.001

 Myocardial infarction

0

(0.0)

86

(57.0)

< 0.001

 COPD

252

(38.2)

79

(52.3)

0.002

CCI

1.0

(1.0–2.0)

2.0

(1.0–2.3)

0.002

LVEF

60.0

(56.0–62.0)

52.0

(42.0–59.0)

< 0.001

Cardiac arrhythmia

37

(5.6)

21

(13.9)

0.001

Geriatric assessment

 MNA-SF (0 to 14)

13.0

(11.0–14.0)

13.0

(11.0–14.0)

0.572

 Timed Up and Go test (sec, IQR)

17.0

(12.3–22.0)

18.0

(14.0–28.0)

0.003

 Handgrip strength (kg, IQR)

20.2

(15.0–25.2)

19.4

(15.1–26.9)

0.970

 6-min walking test (sec, IQR)

11.0

(7.4–16.0)

11.0

(7.6–19.9)

0.792

 Fried frailty indexa

    

0.059

  Robust

66

(10.0)

29

(19.3)

 

  Pre-frail

243

(36.8)

47

(31.3)

 

  Frail

351

(53.2)

75

(49.4)

 

 Rockwood frailty indexb

27.0

(21.6–32.4)

36.8

(31.6–42.9)

< 0.001

  Non-frail

11

(1.7)

0

(0.0)

< 0.001

  Pre-frail

153

(23.2)

3

(2.0)

 

  Frail

496

(75.2)

148

(98.0)

 

Laboratory data

 NT-proBNP (pg/mL, IQR)

1110.0 (330.1–3507.5)

2610.0 (555.5–9825.0)

0.024

 LDL (mg/dL)

99.0

(80.0–121.0)

95.0

(72.0–118.0)

0.079

 Albumin (g/dL)

4.0

(3.6–4.3)

3.8

(3.5–4.1)

0.024

 Hba1c (%)

6.1

(5.6–6.9)

6.1

(5.7–7.0)

0.732

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.0

(0.8–1.4)

1.2

(0.9–1.8)

< 0.001

 eGFR (ml/min per 1.73m2)

67.7

(49.4–84.2)

59.5

(37.0–76.5)

0.001

 Proteinuria (mg/g)

0.1

(0.1–0.3)

0.2

(0.1–0.5)

0.091

Medications

 Diuretics

413

(62.6)

135

(89.4)

< 0.001

 MRA

96

(14.5)

77

(51.0)

< 0.001

 β-blocker

352

(53.3)

123

(81.5)

< 0.001

 ACEI or ARB

412

(62.4)

128

(84.8)

< 0.001

 Anti-platelet agents

380

(57.6)

129

(85.4)

< 0.001

 Anti-coagulants

80

(12.1)

43

(28.5)

< 0.001

 Digoxin

58

(8.8)

32

(21.2)

< 0.001

  1. Continuous data were expressed as median (IQR, interquartile range), and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical data were expressed as number and percentage, and analyzed by the Chi-Square test
  2. aFried criteria (reference: [11])
  3. bRockwood frailty index (reference: [14].; [15])
  4. Abbreviations: HF heart failure, BMI body mass index, AF atrial fibrillation, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, IQR interquartile range, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, MNA-SF mini-nutritional assessment-short form, TUG Timed Up and Go, HGS handgrip strength, 6 MW 6-m walking, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, LDL low density lipoprotein, Hba1c glycated hemoglobin, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers, SD standard deviation. eGFR calculated using modified Modification diet of renal disease (MDRD) formula, was utilized to evaluate renal function