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Table 2 Association between alcohol use, medication use and frailty incidence in the multiple model

From: The association between medication or alcohol use and the incidence of frailty: a retrospective cohort study

Variable

Frailty index – frail

Frailty phenotype – pre-frail

Frailty phenotype – frail

Incidence of frailty (FI)

Adjusted ORa (95% CI)

Incidence of pre-frailty (FP)

Adjusted ORa (95% CI)

Incidence of frailty (FP)

Adjusted ORa (95% CI)

Age

 65–74 years

8.7%

Reference

31.4%

Reference

2.0%

Reference

 75–84 years

18.0%

2.10 (1.87–2.36)**

41.6%

1.57 (1.40–1.76)**

4.8%

2.33 (1.71–3.17)**

  ≥ 85 years

30.4%

5.23 (4.25–6.45)**

51.9%

3.46 (2.50–4.78)**

16.0%

17.0 (10.1–28.7)**

Sex

 Male

10.9%

Reference

32.1%

Reference

3.0%

Reference

 Female

13.7%

1.18 (1.05–1.33)*

37.0%

1.19 (1.08–1.32)**

3.1%

1.07 (0.79–1.45)

Alcohol use

 No alcohol use

18.8%

Reference

40.9%

Reference

4.7%

Reference

 Non-hazardous

9.9%

0.68 (0.60–0.77)**

32.3%

0.86 (0.76–0.98)*

2.4%

0.66 (0.47–0.93)*

 Hazardous

10.0%

0.80 (0.68–0.93)*

32.9%

0.93 (0.80–1.08)

2.8%

0.88 (0.58–1.32)

Stroke

 No

11.9%

Reference

34.3%

Reference

3.0%

Reference

 Yes

24.2%

2.10 (1.61–2.73)**

40.4%

1.22 (0.88–1.68)

5.9%

1.82 (0.89–3.74)

Cancer

 No

12.2%

Reference

34.4%

Reference

3.1%

Reference

 Yes

13.0%

1.23 (0.96–1.57)

34,1%

1.01 (0.80–1.27)

2.6%

0.98 (0.49–1.97)

Parkinson’s disease

 No

12.2%

Reference

34.4%

Reference

3.0%

Reference

 Yes

34.7%

4.29 (2.48–7.43)**

41.2%

1.80 (0.83–3.94)

17.6%

7.58 (2.47–23.2)**

Cataracts

 No

11.9%

Reference

34.0%

Reference

2.7%

Reference

 Yes

15.2%

1.12 (0.95–1.33)

37.7%

1.13 (0.96–1.33)

6.2%

2.07 (1.43–3.01)**

Dementia

 No

12.1%

Reference

34.4%

Reference

3.0%

Reference

 Yes

38.7%

3.97 (2.34–6.72)**

45.2%

1.45 (0.68–3.10)

3.2%

0.59 (0.07–5.16)

Med. for high blood pressure

 No

9.6%

Reference

31.9%

Reference

2.3%

Reference

 Yes

15.2%

1.35 (1.21–1.51)**

37.3%

1.15 (1.04–1.28)*

3.8%

1.37 (1.02–1.84)*

Med. for coronary and other heart disease

 No

10.6%

Reference

33.1%

Reference

2.6%

Reference

 Yes

20.1%

1.72 (1.52–1.96)**

41.4%

1.28 (1.12–1.47)**

5.3%

1.70 (1.20–2.41)*

Med. for high blood cholesterol

 No

11.5%

Reference

33.9%

Reference

3.1%

Reference

 Yes

14.3%

1.08 (0.96–1.22)

35.6%

0.93 (0.83–1.05)

3.0%

0.68 (0.49–0.95)*

Med. for diabetes

 No

11.5%

Reference

34.1%

Reference

2.8%

Reference

 Yes

18.6%

1.69 (1.46–1.96)**

37.1%

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

5.2%

1.62 (1.11–2.37)*

Med. for joint and other pain

 No

10.0%

Reference

32.6%

Reference

2.6%

Reference

 Yes

22.8%

2.26 (2.00–2.54)**

45.9%

1.58 (1.38–1.82)**

6.0%

2.38 (1.70–3.34)**

Med. for anxiety, depression and sleep problems

 No

11.5%

Reference

33.5%

Reference

2.8%

Reference

 Yes

20.9%

1.56 (1.33–1.84)**

47.4%

1.56 (1.28–1.89)**

6.3%

2.14 (1.37–3.36)*

Med. for osteoporosis

 No

11.9%

Reference

34.0%

Reference

3.0%

Reference

 Yes

19.2%

1.56 (1.27–1.93)**

43.4%

1.38 (1.10–1.73)*

4.2%

1.34 (0.74–2.45)

Med. for stomach burns

 No

11.9%

Reference

34.0%

Reference

3.0%

Reference

 Yes

16.5%

1.14 (0.94–1.37)

40.0%

1.11 (0.91–1.35)

3.4%

1.01 (0.58–1.74)

Med. for chronic bronchitis

 No

12.0%

Reference

34.2%

Reference

3.0%

Reference

 Yes

25.1%

2.45 (1.87–3.22)**

47.1%

1.68 (1.17–2.42)*

6.4%

2.67 (1.20–5.95)*

Med. for inflammation

 No

12.1%

Reference

34.2%

Reference

3.0%

Reference

 Yes

17.4%

1.54 (1.14–2.05)*

44.2%

1.32 (0.94–1.85)

4.9%

1.61 (0.70–3.66)

  1. Note. OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
  2. aVariables used in the multivariate model: country of residence, BMI, highest educational level, smoking, and variables presented in the table. Omnibus test p < 0.001 (FI and FP models). Nagelkerke R square = 0.196 (frailty FI); Nagelkerke R square = 0.089 (pre-frailty FP); Nagelkerke R square = 0.223 (frailty FP). N = 14,665 for FI; N = 8133 for FP
  3. *p < 0.05
  4. **p < 0.001