Table 3 Medium-term CR effect on functional capacity, frailty-scores, exercise capacity and muscular strength. Multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Fisher’s exact tests were used to detect changes between intervention and control groups
Intervention group n = 41 | Control group n = 35 | p-value | |||||||||||||
Functional capacity | T0 M ± SD | T1 M ± SD | T2 M ± SD | D T1-T0 M ± SD | D T2-T1 M ± SD | D T2-T0 M ± SD | T0 M ± SD | T1 M ± SD | T2 M ± SD | D T1-T0 M ± SD | D T2-T1 M ± SD | D T2-T0 M ± SD | Time | Group | Inter-action |
6MWT (m) | 251± 9.1 | 366± 104.0 | 348± 113.1 | 115.5± 82.3 | 18.6± 74.9 | 96. ± 98.1 | 260± 106.4 | 357± 123.3 | 332± 147.4 | 102.9± 106,3 | 21.2± 106.6 | 81.6± 123.9 | < 0.01 | 0.635 | 0.856 |
SPPB (score) | 8.47± 2,37 | 9.8± 2.3 | 10.37± 1.59 | 1,33± 1.71 | 0.567± 1.63 | 0.9± 2.29 | 8.56± 2.03 | 9.00± 2.37 | 9.44± 2.34 | 0.438± 1.59 | 0.438± 2.22 | 0.875± 2.25 | < 0.01 | 0.346 | 0.185 |
5MWT (m/s) | 0.907± 0.341 | 1.049± 0.392 | 1.086 ± 0. 307 | 0.14± 0.22 | 0.03± 0.28 | 0.18± 0.28 | 0.761± 0.267 | 0.878± 0.321 | 1.123± 0.539 | 0.117± 0.136 | 0.244± 0.427 | 0.36± 0.5 | < 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.360 |
Peak work load (watt) | 70.3± 25.9 | 78,1± 27 | 93.6± 42.8 | 9± 27.1 | 19.5± 24.5 | 28.5± 32.7 | 71.5± 17.3 | 87.0± 25.5 | 91.8± 21.7 | 14.6± 15.7 | 5.5± 13.0 | 20.1± 13.9 | < 0.01 | 0.289 | 0.385 |
Peak work load (watt/kg) | 1.0± 0.4 | 1.1± 0.3 | 1.4± 0.5 | 0.1± 0.3 | 0.26± 0.34 | 0.36± 0.4 | 0.910± 0.3 | 1.089± 0.3 | 1.206± 0.34 | 0.19± 0.2 | 0.069± 0.17 | 0.25± 0.18 | < 0.01 | 0.316 | 0.570 |
PeakVO2 (ml/kg/min) | 12.8± 5.6 | 13.3± 3.5 | 15,8± 4.7 | 1.06± 5.0 | 3.48± 3.6 | 4.5± 5.5 | 11.6± 2.9 | 13.3± 3.5 | 13.8± 4.7 | 0.08± 3.6 | 1.67± 2.7 | 1.76± 3.7 | < 0.01 | 0.818 | 0.289 |
1RM for leg extension (kg) | 46.6± 17.5 | 59.5± 21.5 | 60.1± 22.2 | 12.84± 13.1 | 0.643± 19.9 | 13.5± 21.4 | 50.5± 20.9 | 53.5± 21.1 | 54.5± 22.2 | 9.36± 10.0 | 5.36± 18.7 | 4± 17.2 | 0.037 | 0.321 | 0.699 |
Frailty level | Intervention group n = 41 | Control group n = 35 | p-value | ||||||||||||
Frailty level according SPPB score | T0 n, (%) | T1 n, (%) | T2 n, (%) | T0 n, (%) | T1 n, (%) | T2 n, (%) | Time | Group | |||||||
Frail | 11 (36.7%) | 8 (26.7%) | 2 (6.6%) | 4 (25%) | 5 (31.3%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0.015 | 0.009 | |||||||
Pre-frail | 6 (20%) | 1 (3.3%) | 6 (20%) | 5 (31.3%) | 4 (25%) | 8 (50%) | |||||||||
Robust | 13 (43.3%) | 21 (70%) | 22 (73.3%) | 7 (43.8%) | 7 (43.8%) | 6 (37.5%) | |||||||||
Intervention group n = 41 | control group n = 35 | p value | |||||||||||||
Frailty level according 5MWT | T0 n, (%) | T1 n, (%) | T2 n, (%) | T0 n, (%) | T1 n, (%) | T2 n, (%) | Time | Group | |||||||
Frail | 10 (33.3%) | 4 (12.12%) | 1 (3.3%) | 7 (43.8%) | 5 (31.3%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0.006 | 0.22 | |||||||
Pre-frail | 10 (33.3%) | 12 (40%) | 12 (40%) | 7 (43.8%) | 6 (37.5%) | 4 (25%) | |||||||||
Robust | 10 (33.3%) | 14 (47.9%) | 17 (56.7%) | 2 (12.5%) | 5 (31.3%) | 10 (62.5%) | |||||||||