Table 1 Instruments measuring falls-related self-efficacy or balance confidence
From: Falls efficacy instruments for community-dwelling older adults: a COSMIN-based systematic review
Instrument (Abbreviation) | Recall period | Number of items | Response options | Total score range | Interpretation of results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
List of falls efficacy scales | |||||
 Falls Efficacy Scale - 10 items (FES-10) | Undefined | 10 | 1–10 | 10–100 | Higher score indicate lower efficacy |
 Modified Falls Efficacy Scale - 11 items (MFES-11) | Undefined | 11 | 1–3 | 11–33 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 Modified Falls Efficacy Scale - 12 items (MFES-12) | Undefined | 12 | 1–4 | 12–48 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 Modified Falls Efficacy Scale - 13 items (MFES-13) | Undefined | 13 | 0–10 | 0–130 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 Modified Falls Efficacy Scale - 14 items (MFES-14) | Undefined | 14 | 0–10 | 0–140 | Higher score indicated higher efficacy |
 Perceived Ability to Prevent and Manage Fall Risks (PAPMFR) | Undefined | 6 | 1–5 | 6–30 | *items scores were reversed-coded to represent higher scores indicate higher efficacy. |
 Revised Gait Efficacy Scale - 8 items (GES-8) | Undefined | 8 | 1–10 | 8–80 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 Gait Efficacy Scale - 10 items (GES-10) | Undefined | 10 | 1–10 | 10–100 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 Perceived Control Over Falling (PCOF) | Undefined | 4 | 1–4 | 4–16 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 Perceived Ability to Manage Risk of Falls or Actual Falls (PAMF) | Undefined | 5 | 1–4 | 5–20 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 Balance Self-Perceptions Test (BSPT) | Undefined | 20 | 1–5 | 20–100 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
List of balance confidence scales | |||||
 Activities specific Balance Confidence scale – Short (ABC-6) | Undefined | 6 | 0–100 | 0–600 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 Activities specific Balance Confidence scale – Simplified (ABC-15) | Undefined | 15 | 0–3 | 0–45 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 Activities specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC-16) | Undefined | 16 | 0–100 | 0–1600 | Higher score indicate higher efficacy |
 CONFBal scale of balance confidence (CONFBal) | Undefined | 10 | 1–3 | 10–30 | Higher score indicate lower efficacy |
List of scales not measuring falls efficacy or balance confidence | |||||
 Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale (Icon-FES) | Undefined | 30 | 1–4 | 30–120 | Higher score indicating greater concerns of falling |
 Falls efficacy scale – International (FES-I) | Undefined | 16 | 1–4 | 16–64 | Higher score indicating greater concerns of falling |
 Mobility Efficacy Scale (MES) | Undefined | 10 | 1–4 | 10–40 | Higher score indicate greater concerns of falling |