Mild hyponatremia is associated with low skeletal muscle mass, physical function impairment, and depressive mood in the elderly

Table 3 ANCOVA results for the comparison of skeletal mass index, physical function, and psychological tests between the groups

		Mild hyponatremia group		Normonatremia group
	n	Adjusted mean ± SD	n	Adjusted mean ± SD	F	p	η²
Skeletal muscle mass index, kg/m²	50	7.1 ± 0.2	2361	7.2 ± 0.2	4.2	0.04	0.002
Grip strength, kg	46	19.1 ± 1.9	1923	21.4 ± 1.8	6.6	0.01	0.003
Walking speed, m/s	16	0.9 ± 0.1	673	1.1 ± 0.1	11.9	0.001	0.02
One-leg standing test, s	53	7.5 ± 4.9	2492	11.8 ± 4.6	3.6	0.06	0.001
Mini–Mental State Examination	73	20.3 ± 1.5	2839	20.5 ± 1.4	0.06	0.8	< 0.001
Frontal Assessment Battery	33	7.5 ± 1.2	1689	7.5 ± 1.1	0.001	0.99	< 0.001
Digit Span forward	37	4.7 ± 0.4	1732	4.8 ± 0.4	0.4	0.5	< 0.001
Digit Span backward	37	2.2 ± 0.4	1718	2.2 ± 0.4	0.002	0.96	< 0.001
Verbal fluency	73	7.7 ± 0.6	2838	7.5 ± 0.6	0.003	0.95	< 0.001
Logical memory II	36	4.8 ± 5.7	1737	3.7 ± 5.2	0.2	0.7	< 0.001
15-item Geriatric Depression Scale	71	6.4 ± 0.9	2830	5.2 ± 0.9	9.7	0.002	0.003

η², the effect size
Covariates adjusted for were age, sex, body mass index, history of heart disease, diabetes, CKD, hearing impairment, diuretic use, antiepileptic use, NaSSA use, SSRI or SNRI use, benzodiazepine use, serum potassium, C-reactive protein, anemia, and hypothyroidism
Abbreviations: SD Standard deviation

ISSN: 1471-2318