Table 1 Participant characteristics
n | Mild hyponatremia group | n | Normonatremia group | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 75 | 82.0 (76.0–84.0) | 2907 | 79.0 (75.0–83.0) | 0.03 |
Female, n (%) | 75 | 36 (48.0) | 2907 | 1833 (63.1) | 0.008 |
Education, years | 75 | 9.0 (9.0–12.0) | 2869 | 9.0 (9.0–12.0) | 0.8 |
Heavy drinkera, n (%) | 74 | 1 (1.4) | 2879 | 55 (1.9) | 0.7 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 75 | 21.0 (19.1–23.6) | 2905 | 21.8 (19.8–24.0) | 0.09 |
History of cardiac disease, n (%) | 75 | 15 (20.0) | 2907 | 365 (12.6) | 0.06 |
History of diabetes, n (%) | 75 | 36 (48.0) | 2907 | 1049 (36.1) | 0.03 |
History of liver disease, n (%) | 75 | 1 (1.3) | 2907 | 61 (2.1) | 0.6 |
History of lung disease, n (%) | 75 | 4 (5.3) | 2907 | 119 (4.1) | 0.6 |
History of depression, n (%) | 75 | 2 (2.7) | 2907 | 106 (3.6) | 0.7 |
History of CKD, n (%) | 75 | 33 (44.0) | 2905 | 1006 (34.6) | 0.1 |
History of cancer, n (%) | 75 | 9 (12.0) | 2907 | 240 (8.3) | 0.2 |
Dementia, n (%) | 75 | 45 (60.0) | 2907 | 1516 (52.1) | 0.2 |
Joint pain, n (%) | 74 | 31 (41.9) | 2890 | 1173 (40.6) | 0.8 |
Visual impairment, n (%) | 74 | 37 (50.0) | 2888 | 1607 (55.6) | 0.4 |
Hearing impairment, n (%) | 74 | 47 (63.5) | 2883 | 1524 (52.9) | 0.07 |
Diuretics use, n (%) | 75 | 6 (8.0) | 2907 | 129 (4.4) | 0.1 |
Antibiotics, n (%) | 75 | 0 (0.0) | 2907 | 34 (1.2) | 0.3 |
Proton pump inhibitor use, n (%) | 75 | 6 (8.0) | 2907 | 208 (7.2) | 0.8 |
NSAID or acetaminophen use, n (%) | 75 | 4 (5.3) | 2907 | 127 (4.4) | 0.7 |
Antiepileptic use, n (%) | 75 | 2 (2.7) | 2907 | 11 (0.4) | 0.003 |
Antipsychotic use, n (%) | 75 | 0 (0.0) | 2907 | 17 (58.5) | 0.5 |
NaSSA use, n (%) | 75 | 1 (1.3) | 2907 | 6 (0.2) | 0.05 |
SSRI or SNRI use, n (%) | 75 | 5 (6.7) | 2907 | 51 (1.8) | 0.002 |
Benzodiazepine use, n (%) | 75 | 12 (16.0) | 2907 | 254 (8.7) | 0.03 |
Inactivity, n (%) | 74 | 21 (28.4) | 2864 | 957 (33.4) | 0.4 |
Potassium, mEq/L | 75 | 4.4 (4.1–4.6) | 2907 | 4.2 (2.9–4.4) | < 0.001 |
Calcium, mg/dL | 75 | 9.4 (9.1–9.7) | 2901 | 9.5 (9.2–9.8) | 0.4 |
BNP, pg/mL | 38 | 30.1 (16.5–64.9) | 1562 | 31.8 (16.3–60.2) | 0.9 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 75 | 62.1 (52.2–80.9) | 2905 | 63.3 (54.0–73.2) | 0.6 |
CRP, mg/dL | 74 | 0.07 (0.04–0.2) | 2881 | 0.05 (0.03–0.1) | 0.02 |
Anemiab, n (%) | 75 | 10 (13.3) | 2907 | 195 (6.7) | 0.03 |
Hypothyroidismc, n (%) | 75 | 2 (2.7) | 2898 | 10 (0.3) | 0.002 |
Vitamin B12 deficiencyd, n (%) | 63 | 1 (1.6) | 2535 | 59 (2.3) | 0.7 |