Table 1 Participants’ characteristics for baseline and follow-up (N = 59)

 Height (m)

158.2

(156.9, 159.6)

157.3

(155.9, 158.7)

0.6

 Weight (kg)

67.1

(64.4, 69.8)

68.0

(65.2, 70.7)

−1.2

 BMI (kg/m²)

26.8

(25.8, 27.9)

27.7

(26.5, 28.8)

3.2*

 VFA (cm²)

133.3

(125.2, 141,4)

131.0

(121.6, 140.4)

−1.7

 PBF (%)

36.8

(34.9, 38.6)

39.1

(37.2, 40.9)

6.3*

 WC (cm)

84.1

(81.2, 87.1)

85.1

(82.3, 87.9)

1.2

 Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

90.3

(86.9, 93.6)

98.8

(95.1, 102.5)

9.4*

 HDL-C (mg/dL)

64.4

(60.0, 68.8)

76.5

(71.6, 81.3)

18.8*

 TG (mg/dL)

127.5

(115.0, 140.0)

106.3

(94.9, 117.7)

−16.6*

 SBP (mmHg)

129.8

(125.7, 133.9)

135.4

(130.3, 140.5)

4.3

 DBP (mmHg)

77.0

(74.5, 79.6)

79.9

(77.1, 82.7)

3.8

 No. of MetS criteria

2.2

(1.9, 2.6)

1.4

(1.2, 1.7)

−35.6*

 Risk of MetS (N, %)

24

40.1

7

11.8

−30.8*

 Steps/day

10.944

(10.006, 11.882)

11,652

(10.384, 12.920)

6.5

 Steps/day aged < 65 years

11.596

(10.379, 12.814)

12.847

(11.280, 14.414)

10.8

 Steps/day aged ≥65 years

9.673

(8.285, 11.060)

9.322

(7.399, 11.244)

−3.3