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Table 1 Patient’s characteristics

From: High percent body fat mass predicts lower risk of cardiac events in patients with heart failure: an explanation of the obesity paradox

Parameters

Overall

Increased FM

Muscle wasting

Absent

Present

p value

Absent

Present

p value

n = 198

n = 84 (42%)

n = 114 (58%)

 

n = 65 (33%)

n = 133 (67%)

 

Age, yrs.

76

[67–82]

75

[67–81]

76

[68–82]

0.489

78

[67–83]

74

[67–81]

0.119

Male, n (%)

102

(52)

48

(57)

54

(47)

0.224

30

(46)

72

(54)

0.366

Height, cm

158

±10

159

±10

157

±10

0.370

157

±11

158

±9

0.320

Weight, kg

53

[47–63]

49

[43–56]

57

[51–67]

< 0.001

63

[51–70]

51

[44–58]

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m2

22

[20–24]

20

[18–22]

23

[22–26]

< 0.001

25

[23–28]

20

[19–23]

< 0.001

NYHA-FC III, n (%)

87

(44)

44

(52)

43

(38)

0.056

17

(26)

70

(53)

0.001

LVEF, %

47

[33–63]

47

[31–62]

48

[34–64]

0.342

55

[36–64]

47

[32–62]

0.237

< 40%, n (%)

66

(33)

32

(38)

34

(30)

0.286

19

(29)

47

(35)

0.487

eGFR, ml/min/1.73cm2

57

[38–77]

55

[34–80]

58

[41–76]

0.724

56

[45–76]

59

[34–78]

0.997

DEXA data

 ASMI, kg/m2

5.6

[5.0–6.5]

5.5

[4.9–6.3]

5.8

[5.0–6.6]

0.205

7.0

[5.8–7.5]

5.1

[4.7–5.9]

< 0.001

 PBF, %

28.3

[23.6–34.0]

22.8

[19.6–24.8]

33.1

[29.2–36.4]

< 0.001

30.0

[25.5–35.1]

27.1

[23.0–33.6]

0.025

Comorbidity

 Hypertension

138

(70)

51

(61)

87

(76)

0.027

47

(72)

91

(68)

0.693

 Dyslipidemia

103

(52)

32

(38)

71

(62)

0.001

37

(57)

66

(50)

0.416

 Diabetes

76

(38)

34

(41)

42

(37)

0.710

16

(25)

60

(45)

0.009

 CKD

98

(50)

42

(50)

56

(49)

1.000

31

(48)

67

(50)

0.839

Medication

 ACE-I or ARB

91

(46)

33

(39)

58

(51)

0.141

34

(52)

57

(43)

0.271

 Beta blocker

134

(68)

58

(69)

76

(67)

0.841

44

(68)

90

(68)

1.000

 Loop diuretics

122

(62)

61

(73)

61

(54)

0.010

34

(52)

88

(66)

0.084

 MRA

92

(47)

44

(52)

48

(42)

0.198

22

(34)

70

(53)

0.019

Etiology

      

0.636

    

0.011

 Cardiomyopathy

73

(37)

31

(37)

42

(37)

 

27

(42)

46

(35)

 

 VHD

58

(29)

21

(25)

37

(33)

 

24

(37)

34

(26)

 

 IHD

38

(19)

18

(21)

20

(18)

 

4

(6)

34

(26)

 

 Others

29

(15)

14

(17)

15

(13)

 

10

(15)

19

(14)

 
  1. FM fat mass, BMI body mass index, NYHA-FC New York heart association-functional class, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
  2. eGFR estimated glomerular filtration ratio, DEXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ASMI appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, PBF percent body fat, CKD chronic kidney disease, ACE-I angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker;
  3. MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, VHD valvular heart disease, IHD ischemic heart disease
  4. Increased percent body fat mass (increased FM) was defined as percent body fat > 25% in males and > 30% in females
  5. Muscle wasting, i.e., reduction in skeletal muscle mass, was defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass index < 7.0 kg/m2 in males and < 5.4 kg/m2 in females
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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