Table 1 Characteristics of studies (n = 41) included for meta-analysis

Chen ND

2012

465

≥60

30.75%

Jiangsu

Petersen

ADL [93], CDT [89], SAS [101]

10.75%

(8.25–13.9%)

Ding D

2011

2985

≥60

54.22%

Shanghai

Petersen

ADL [93], SAS [101], CDR [95], HAMD [98], MMSE [76]

20.10%

(18.73–21.61%)

Guo GY

2013

940

≥60

56.81%

Hebei

Petersen

MoCA [77]

14.47%

(12.36–16.86%)

Guo X

2011

1367

≥60

50.40%

Hunan

DSM-IV

CDR [95], GDS [99],

HIS [102], IMCT [85], MMSE [76]

10.17%

(8.68–11.88%)

Hai S

2007

202

≥80

25.74%

Sichuan

Petersen

ADL [93], CAMCOG [73],

GDS [99], MMSE [76]

30.2%

(24.28–36.85%)

He L

2014

842

≥60

48.81%

Jiangxi

DSM-IV

ADL [93], CDR [95], GDS [99], HIS [102], MoCA [77]

13.42%

(11.28–15.89%)

Hu R

2009

5887

≥55

56.38%

Mongolia

DSM-IV

ADL [93], CDR [95], HIS [102], HAMD [98], MMSE [76], MoCA [77]

20.60%

(19.59–21.66%)

Huang R

2002

4697

≥60

58.85%

Guangzhou

Petersen

ADL [93], CDR [95], CESD [96], HAMD [98], MMSE [76]

5.47%

(4.86–6.16%)

Jia J

2009

10,276

≥65

N/A

National

Petersen

AVLT, CDR [95], CDT [89], CESD [96], FAQ [94], HIS, MoCA [77], MMSE [76], STMT [88], VFT [92], AVLT [91]

20.8%

(20.02–21.59%)

Jiang LJ

2016

895

≥60

51.06%

Jilin

NIA-AA

ADL [93], CDR [95], GDS [99], HIS [102], MMSE [76], MoCA [77]

5.36%

(4.07–7.04%)

Lao ML

2010

7665

≥55

54.22%

Hainan

Petersen

ADL [93], GDS [99], MMSE [76]

4.25%

(3.82–4.73%)

Li CP

2014

1971

≥60

62.61%

Shandong

DSM-IV

ADL [93], CDR [95], GDS [99], HIS [102], MMSE [76]

33.03%

(30.99–35.14%)

Li W

2019

3246

≥60

N/A

Shanghai

Petersen

ALT [84], AVLT [91], DS [97], MMSE [76], MoCA [77], NPI-Q [78], VFT [92], WAIS [81]

17.07%^*

(15.79–18.42%)

Li X

2013

1020

≥55

63.33%

Beijing

Petersen

AVLT [91], CDT [89], MMSE [76], ROCFR [90], SDMT [87], STMT [88]

15.69%

(13.58–18.05%)

Liao B

2012

399

≥60

53.63%

Jiangxi

Petersen

ADL [93], HIS [102], MoCA [77]

10.28%

(7.67–13.64%)

Liu H

2018

1796

≥60

53.95%

Shanghai

DSM-IV

ADL [93], GDS [99], HIS [102], MoCA [77]

17.65%

(15.96–19.48%)

Ma F

2016

5067

≥65

57.80%

Tianjin

Petersen

ADL [93], MMSE [76], WAIS [81]

11.33%

(10.48–12.23%)

Meng WQ

2009

5452

≥55

53.62%

Inner Mongolia

Petersen

ADL [93], MMSE [76]

22.50%

(21.16–23.37%)

Pan ZD

2012

300

≥60

57.14%

Shanghai

Petersen

ADL [93], CDR [95], GDS [99], HIS [102], MMSE [76], MoCA [77]

22.33%

(17.99–27.38%)

Qin HY

2012

4086

≥55

65.00%

Shanghai

Petersen

ADL [93], CDR [95], MMSE [76]

14.98%

(13.92–16.11%)

Qiu CJ

2001

3910

≥55

50.82%

Chengdu

Petersen

CDR [95], CESD [96], MMSE [76]

2.35%

(1.92–2.88%)

Rao DP

2009

2111

≥65

59.50%

Guangzhou

Petersen

ADL [93], CDR [95], GDS [99], MMSE [76], MoCA [77]

14.16%

(12.74–15.72%)

Ren CF

2011

946

≥60

49.26%

Jiangxi

DSM-IV

ADL [93], CDR [95], GDS [99], HIS [102], MoCA [77]

10.47%

(8.67–12.58%)

Song XZ

2011

2279

≥60

51.21%

Guangzhou

Petersen

ADL [93], CDR [95], GDS [99], HIS [102], HAMD [98], MMSE [76]

7.33%

(6.33–8.47%)

Sosa AL

2007

2014

≥65

63.33%

National

DSM-IV

CSI-D [75], GMS [100], NPI-Q [78], WHODAS-12^[83]

7.99%^*

(6.89–9.26%)

Su C

2011

341

≥60

52.49%

Guangzhou

Petersen

ADL [93], CDR [95], GDS [99], WHO-BCAI [82], MMSE [76], MoCA [77]

12.32%

(9.24–16.23%)

Sun Y

2013

10,432

≥65

52.32%

Taiwan

NIA-AA

ADL [93], CDR [95], MMSE [76]

19.64%

(18.89–20.41%)

Tang MN

1998

5385

≥55

N/A

Chengdu

DSM-III

ADL [93], CDR [95], CESD [96], HIS [102], HAMD [98], MMSE [76]

1.21%

(0.95–1.54%)

Tang Z

2004

1865

≥60

51.90%

Beijing

Petersen

ADL, CDR [95], CESD [96], MMSE [76]

11.64%

(10.26–13.17%)

Wang T

2012

1005

≥60

N/A

Shanghai

DSM-IV

ADL [93], AVLT [91], CDR [95], DS [97], GDS [99], HIS [102], MMSE [76], MoCA [77], WMS-R [86]

22.29%*

(19.82–24.96%)

Wang TT

2017

1781

≥60

60.47%

Chongqing

Petersen

ADL [93], GDS, MMSE [76]

11.73%

(10.32–13.31%)

Wang YP

2009

6152

≥65

N/A

Shanxi

DSM-IV

CDR [95], MMSE [76], WHO-BCAI [82]

9.75%

(9.04–10.52%)

Wang ZZ

2013

689

≥55

62.70%

Ningxia

Chinese Dementia guideline

ADL [93], GDS [99], MMSE [76]

18.29%

(15.58–21.35%)

Wu Y

2014

1846

≥60

53.36%

Jiangsu

Petersen

CCAS [74], CDR [95], HAMD [98],

MMSE [76], QCST-E [79]

17.17%

(15.52–18.96%)

Xiao SF

2016

1068

≥60

N/A

Shanghai

Petersen

AVLT [91], MMSE [76], MoCA [77], WMS-R [86],

WHO-BCAI [82]

25.00%

(22.50–27.68%)

Xu SJ

2011

2426

≥60

60.68%

Hebei

Petersen

ADL [93], GDS [99], MMSE [76],

MoCA [77], SAS [101]

21.68%

(20.09–23.37%)

Yin LY

2009

1011

≥65

59.45%

Hebei

Petersen

CDR [95], CESD [96], FAQ, GDS [99], MMSE [76], MoCA [77]

6.63%

(5.25–8.33%)

Yuan J

2010

3311

≥60

66.89%

Shanghai

Petersen

HIS [102], SCID-I/P [80]

19.06%

(17.76–20.43%)

Zhang XQ

2012

1764

≥60

55.95%

Changsha

Petersen

ADL [93], CDR [95], GDS, MMSE [76], MoCA [77]

16.27%

(14.62–18.07%)

Zhou DS

2010

1227

≥60

56.32%

Zhejiang

DSM-IV

CDR [95], CESD [96], GDS [99], HIS [102],

IMCT [85], MMSE [76]

8.72%

(7.27–10.43%)

Zhu XQ

2008

1511

≥60

54.60%

Xinjiang

DSM-IV

CDR [95], GD S [99], HIS [102], HAMD [98], MMSE [76]

9.79%

(8.40–11.40%)