Table 1 Description of included studies

[29]

Västra GötalandRegion, Sweden;

NU Hospital Group,

acute medical careunit

clinical, prospective,controlled trial

Ni/Nc: 206/202

Mean ± SD:85.7 ± 5.4

gender, n(%):230 (56) Female

Inclusion:

- Aged ≥75 years

- need for in-hospital treatment

- fulfilled criteria for frailty according FRESH screeninginstrument

Exclusion:

- patient clearly suited for care at an organ-specificmedical unit

- informed consent could not be obtained

Mar. 2013 toJul. 2015

[32]

Västra GötalandRegion, Sweden;

NU Hospital Group,

acute medical careunit

clinical, prospective,controlled trial

Ni/Nc: 72/67

Mean ± SD, (intervention):85.6 ± 5.5

Mean ± SD, (control): 85.1 ± 5.6

gender, n(%): 47 (34) Male

Inclusion:

- Aged ≥75 years

- need for in-hospital treatment

- fulfilled criteria for frailty according FRESH screeninginstrument

Exclusion:

- patient clearly suited for care at an organ-specificmedical unit

Mar. 2013 toJul. 2015

[31]

Västra GötalandRegion, Sweden;

NU Hospital Group,

acute medical careunit

clinical, prospective,controlled trial

Ni/Nc: 206/202

Mean ± SD: 85.7 ± 5.4

gender, n(%): 230 (56) Female

Inclusion:

- Aged ≥75 years

- need of in-hospital treatment

- fulfilled the criteria for frailty according FRESHscreening instrument

Exclusion:

- Declined participation in the study

- patient clearly suited for care at an organ-specificmedical unit

- informed consent could not be obtained

- from patients previously defined MÄVA patients

- cognitively impaired patients

Mar. 2013 to Jul. 2015

[22]

Västra GötalandRegion, Sweden;

NU Hospital Group,

acute medical careunit

clinical, prospective,controlled trial

Ni/Nc: 206/202

Mean ± SD, (intervention):85.6 ± 5.5

Mean ± SD, (control): 85.1 ± 5.6

gender, n(%): 230 (56) Female

Inclusion:

- Aged ≥75 years

- need of in-hospital treatment

- fulfilled the criteria for frailty according FRESHscreening instrument

Exclusion:

- patient clearly suited for care at an organ-specificmedical unit

- from patients previously defined MÄVA patients

Mar. 2013 to Jul. 2015

[21]

Western part,Germany; Generalacademic teachinghospital,

Acute medicalgeriatric ward

prospective, parallelgroup, randomizedcontrolled pilot andfeasibility trial

Ni/Nc: 17/18

Mean ± SD: 80.9 ± 7.7

gender, n(%):74% female

Inclusion:

- a minimum age of 65 years

- planned acute-geriatric stay of

- at least two weeks in the study hospital

- care plan according to “early rehabilitation ingeriatric medicine” (GFK) procedures

- walking ability (with or without walking aid;independent or with stand-by assistance), indicatedby a Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC)score ≥ 3

- limited mobility, indicated by a timed up and gotest (TUG) score of > 9 s

Exclusion:

- significant cognitive impairment

- severe hearing impairment

- severe visual impairment

- German language barrier

- acute psychiatric condition (e.g.delirium)

- initiated palliative care

- any medical restriction for

- physiotherapeutic interventions(e.g. physical training)

- lack of understanding of simpleorders

- first phase: baseline-assessmenthad not been completed withinthe first 5 days after hospitaladmission,

second phase: baseline-assessmenthas not been completed within thefirst five days after initial physician’sprescription for physiotherapy

First phase:

Oct. 2016 to Dec. 2016 sphase:

Oct. 2017 to Dec. 2017

[11]

Taipei,Taiwan;

university-affiliatedmedical center,GastrointestinalSurgery

Cluster randomizedtrial

Ni/Nc: 197/180

Mean ± SD: 74.5 ± 5.8

gender, n(%):214 (56.8) Male

Inclusion:

- Age ≥ 65 years

- admitted in 36-bed gastrointestinal ward of urban medical center

- scheduled for elective abdominalsurgery

- expected length of stay > 6 days

Exclusion:

- profound dementia

- refused participation (patient,family, or physician refusal),

- 42 were not enrolled because ofcritical/terminal illness,

- respiratory isolation

- Severe hearing or visual impairmentthat precluded communication.

Aug. 2009 to Oct. 2012

[30]

Taiwan;

Gastrointestinal ward

Before and afterintervention study

Ni/Nc: 107/82

Mean ± SD, (intervention): 73.3 ± 6.2

Mean ± SD, (control): 72.8 ± 5.6

gender, n(%): 82 (43) Female

Inclusion:

- Age ≥ 65 years

- admitted in 36-bed gastrointestinal ward of urbanmedical center

- scheduled for elective abdominal surgery

- expected length of stay > 6 days

- completed discharge and 3-month evaluations

Exclusion:

- present in the hospital at the time of the analysis

- some form of data was missing

- discharged to temporary accommodation ortransferred to another hospital

control group:

Aug. 2007 to Apr. 2008

Intervention group:

May 2008 to Apr. 2009