Covariate (reference) | 2005 | 2009 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|
OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | |
Age (65–69) | |||
 70–74 | 1.30 (0.99–1.71) | 1.40 (1.06–1.84) | 1.40 (1.04–1.89) |
 75–79 | 1.48 (1.12–1.96) | 1.20 (0.90–1.62) | 1.58 (1.15–2.17) |
 80–84 | 1.92 (1.39–2.65) | 1.83 (1.34–2.51) | 1.67 (1.20–2.34) |
 85+ | 1.74 (1.14–2.65) | 1.66 (1.13–2.42) | 2.33 (1.62–3.35) |
Sex (male) | |||
 Female | 1.80 (1.47–2.21) | 1.57 (1.28–1.93) | 1.18 (0.95–1.45) |
ADL difficulty (none) | |||
 1 task | 3.84 (2.34–6.30) | 2.29 (1.46–3.60) | 5.00 (3.22–7.75) |
 ≧2 tasks | 2.93 (2.23–3.85) | 2.22 (1.71–2.87) | 2.33 (1.77–3.07) |
IADL difficulty (none) | |||
 1 task | 1.32 (0.96–1.82) | 1.92 (1.18–3.11) | 1.42 (1.00–2.01) |
 ≧2 tasks | 3.14 (2.52–3.90) | 2.36 (1.85–3.00) | 2.82 (2.24–3.54) |
Use of sleeping pills (no) | |||
 Yes | 1.56 (1.17–2.08) | 1.48 (1.11–1.96) | 1.58 (1.22–2.04) |
Vision (clear) | |||
 Average | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) | 1.39 (1.07–1.82) | 1.33 (1.01–1.75) |
 Unclear | 1.86 (1.41–2.45) | 1.94 (1.44–2.60) | 3.07 (2.28–4.13) |
Comorbidities (0) | |||
 1 | 1.71 (1.27–2.30) | 1.30 (1.00–1.68) | 1.39 (1.03–1.86) |
 ≧2 | 2.86 (2.15–3.79) | 1.47 (1.14–1.91) | 1.60 (1.21–2.11) |
Urinary incontinence (no) | |||
 Yes | 1.82 (1.46–2.26) | 1.78 (1.33–2.38) | 2.10 (1.67–2.65) |
Depressive symptoms (no) | |||
 Yes | 2.20 (1.76–2.75) | 2.44 (1.94–3.07) | 2.32 (1.80–3.00) |
Frequency of exercise (none) | |||
 Irregular | 0.75 (0.48–1.17) | 0.56 (0.34–0.91) | 0.60 (0.33–1.10) |
 Regular | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) | 0.60 (0.48–0.74) | 0.57 (0.45–0.71) |