Table 4 The associations of frailty and life-space mobility

(Intercept)

84.31

(75.27, 92.84)

P < 0.001

86.78

(76.52, 96.95)

P < 0.001

Age (years old)

−0.38

(− 0.69, 4.02)

P = 0.020

− 0.28

(− 0.63, 0.06)

P = 0.108

Female sex (men = Ref.)

− 1.26

(− 6.50, 4.02)

P = 0.637

−2.82

(− 8.65, 3.05)

P = 0.342

Months from the baseline per 3 months

(baseline = Ref.)

0.22

(− 1.58, 2.02)

P = 0.808

0.19

(− 1.87, 2.27)

P = 0.856

Living situation

(Living with others = 1, living alone = Ref.)

−8.76

(− 18.52, − 1.87)

P = 0.012

− 7.42

(− 18.30, − 0.15)

P = 0.048

Interaction term between months from

the baseline and living with others

1.44

(− 0.74, 3.63)

P = 0.195

1.81

(− 0.64, 4.27)

P = 0.147

 spend most of time in house all day

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

−7.29

(− 11.29, − 3.29)

P < 0.001

− 7.03

(− 11.18, − 2.88)

P < 0.001

 have hobbies and fun

(no = 1, yes = Ref.)

−4.00

(− 7.90, − 0.11)

P = 0.043

−3.69

(− 7.79, 0.41)

P = 0.077

 have neighbors you enjoy talking with

(no = 1, yes = Ref.)

−4.84

(− 9.00, − 0.69)

P = 0.020

−5.21

(− 9.68, − 0.75)

P = 0.020

 have anyone to visit each other

(no = 1, yes = Ref.)

−2.47

(− 6.81, 1.87)

P = 0.263

−1.55

(− 6.10, 2.98)

P = 0.499

 frequency of going out

(less than 1 time/week = 1, 1 time/2 ~ 3 day = Ref.)

− 5.70

(− 9.90, − 1.52)

P = 0.007

−4.57

(− 9.00, − 0.14)

P = 0.042

 history of falling within a year

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

− 1.39

(− 4.90, 2.12)

P = 0.435

−2.10

(− 5.85, 1.65)

P = 0.269

 fear of falling

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

− 1.43

(− 5.74, 2.87)

P = 0.513

−2.47

(− 7.08, 2.15)

P = 0.294

 trip and slip in the house

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

− 4.85

(− 8.77, − 0.93)

P = 0.015

−3.99

(− 8.21, 0.23)

P = 0.063

 can walk continuously for about 1 km

(can’t = 1, can = Ref.)

−6.74

(− 10.86, − 2.60)

P = 0.001

− 6.62

(− 11.01, − 2.23)

P = 0.003

 low vision

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

− 0.72

(− 5.59, 4.15)

P = 0.770

−1.69

(− 6.86, 3.47)

P = 0.517

 history of hospitalization within a year

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

− 0.99

(− 5.05, 3.07)

P = 0.631

−1.29

(− 5.56, 2.98)

P = 0.552

 bad appetite

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

2.74

(− 2.03, 7.50)

P = 0.259

3.07

(− 1.93, 8.08)

P = 0.227

 weight loss more than 3 kg

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

− 1.83

(− 6.78, 3.13)

P = 0.466

−1.79

(− 7.03, 3.45)

P = 0.499

 a loss of more muscle and fat

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

0.73

(− 2.62, 4.09)

P = 0.667

0.76

(− 2.85, 4.38)

P = 0.677

 amount of foodstuff that can be chewed

(can’t chew much = 1, can chew well = Ref.)

− 2.41

(− 8.10, 3.28)

P = 0.406

−2.39

(− 8.28, 3.49)

P = 0.424

− 0.37

(− 2.78, 2.03)

P = 0.207

Depression

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

−1.34

(− 5.49, 2.81)

P = 0.527

MCI

(yes = 1, no = Ref.)

− 3.66

(− 9.36, 2.05)

P = 0.207

AIC

5815.5

5085.3

BIC

5927.8

5207.3

Log Likelihood

− 2882.7

− 2514.7