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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants according to MoCA assessment

From: Association between tea consumption and cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults

 

MoCA

Normal (n = 441)

Cognitive impairment (n = 365)

Age, years

60.08 ± 12.36

62.05 ± 11.70†

Sex, n (%)

 Female

164 (37.19)

214 (58.63)

 Male

277 (62.81)

151 (41.37)

Education

 Illiteracy or primary school

92 (20.86)

96 (26.30) †

 Middle school

195 (44.22)

198 (54.25)

 High school or above

154 (34.92)

71 (19.45)

Smoking, n (%)

180 (40.82)

154 (42.19)

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

143 (32.43)

101 (27.67)

Hypertension, n (%)

246 (55.78)

224 (61.37)

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

50 (11.34)

68 (18.63) †

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

174 (39.46)

173 (47.40) †

Hs-CRP, mg/L

2.04 ± 3.02

2.63 ± 4.70†

BMI

 Ideal

254 (57.60)

184 (50.41) †

 Intermediate

168 (38.10)

151 (41.37)

 Poor

19 (4.31)

30 (8.22)

Physical activity

 ≥ 80 min

172 (39.00)

135 (36.99)

 1–79 min

160 (36.28)

146 (40.00)

 0 min

109 (24.72)

84 (23.01)

Salt intake

 < 6 g/day

38 (8.62)

43 (11.78)

 6–10 g/day

244 (55.33)

195 (53.42)

 > 10 g/day

159 (36.05)

127 (34.79)

Tea consumption, n (%)

 Never

233 (52.83)

242 (66.30) †

 Habitual

208 (47.17)

123 (33.70)

Frequency of tea consumption, n (%)

 Never

233 (52.83)

242 (66.30) †

 Less than once/month

8 (1.81)

3 (0.82)

 1–3 times/month

38 (8.62)

16 (4.38)

 1–3 times/week

41 (9.30)

20 (5.48)

  ≥ 4 times/week

121 (27.44)

84 (23.01)

Types of tea consumption, n (%)

 Never

233 (52.83)

242 (66.30) †

 Green tea

125 (28.34)

51 (13.97)

 Others

83 (18.82)

72 (19.73)

  1. Data are presented as N, n (%) or mean ± SD
  2. Hs-CRP, plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
  3. †There were significant differences between the no proteinuria group and the proteinuria for one or more times group (p < 0.05)