Health-related quality of life in hospitalized older patients with versus without prolonged use of opioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, and z-hypnotics: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Multiple linear regression analyses of the association between prolonged use of CNSDs and the global score of HRQoL (EQ-5D index)

Independent variable	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Independent variable	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p-value	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p-value	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p-value
Prolonged CNSD use	−0.20 (−0.32 to −0.08)	0.002	−0.19 (− 0.31 to − 0.06)	0.004	− 0.08 (− 0.21 to 0.05)	0.24
Polypharmacy, ≥5 versus < 5 drugs/day	−0.15 (− 0.27 to − 0.04)	0.01	−0.15 (− 0.26 to − 0.03)	0.01	−0.12 (− 0.23 to − 0.01)	0.04
Comorbidity burden (CIRS-G total score)	−0.01 (− 0.04 to 0.01)	0.21	−0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.01)	0.27	−0.01(− 0.03 to 0.01)	0.22
Anxiety score (HADS-A)			−0.02 (− 0.03 to 0.003)	0.10	− 0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.01)	0.20
Depression score (HADS-D)			−0.02 (− 0.04 to 0.002)	0.08	− 0.02 (− 0.04 to − 0.001)	0.04
Pain intensity (VAS), per cm					−0.06 (− 0.08 to − 0.04)	< 0.001
Adjusted R-squared	0.13		0.19		0.34

Note: all models are adjusted for age, sex, education and living alone
Abbreviations: CNSD Central nervous system depressant drugs, HADS–D/A Hospital anxiety and depression sub-scales, VAS Visual analogue scale, CI Confidence interval, CIRS-G Cumulative illness rating scale for Geriatric

ISSN: 1471-2318