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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to phenotypic frailty status

From: Lack of association between circulating apelin level and frailty-related functional parameters in older adults: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Robust

(n = 21)

Prefrail

(n = 47)

Frail

(n = 12)

P

Sex, no. (%)

   

0.245

 Female

8 (38.1)

28 (59.6)

7 (58.3)

 

 Male

13 (61.9)

19 (40.4)

5 (41.7)

 

Age (years)

67.5 ± 6.5

69.7 ± 6.2

70.8 ± 5.0

0.257

Weight (kg)

71.7 ± 11.3

67.3 ± 10.2

63.3 ± 8.6

0.069

Height (cm)

161.7 ± 10.0

158.9 ± 8.7

157.2 ± 5.6

0.313

Body mass index (kg/m2)

27.4 ± 3.2

26.6 ± 3.0

25.7 ± 3.8

0.297

Serum albumin (g/dL)

3.83 ± 0.36

3.84 ± 0.28

3.73 ± 0.25

0.559

Frailty index (range, 0–1)

0.070 ± 0.035

0.126 ± 0.063*

0.230 ± 0.115*,†

< 0.001

Grip strength (kg)

32.7 ± 7.8

27.9 ± 8.9

20.9 ± 6.6*,†

0.001

Gait speed (m/s)

1.21 ± 0.18

1.03 ± 0.33

0.75 ± 0.28*,†

< 0.001

Chair stand (s)

9.6 ± 4.2

11.3 ± 8.2

14.5 ± 7.2

0.193

SPPB score (range, 0–12)

11.5 ± 1.0

10.3 ± 2.7

9.5 ± 2.2*

0.046

Muscle mass (kg)

25.3 ± 4.9

22.5 ± 5.6

20.0 ± 3.6*

0.021

ASMI (kg/m2)

7.29 ± 1.26

6.78 ± 1.26

6.23 ± 0.99

0.065

Sarcopenia, no. (%)

0 (0.0)

7 (14.9)

5 (41.7)

0.006

Use of ≥5 prescription drugs, no. (%)

8 (38.1%)

23 (48.9)

8 (66.7)

0.287

Multimorbidity, no. (%)

15 (71.4)

35 (74.5)

11 (91.7)

0.382

ADL disability, no. (%)

0 (0.0)

3 (6.4)

2 (16.7)

0.163

IADL disability, no. (%)

1 (4.8)

15 (31.9)

8 (66.7)

0.001

Social frailty score (range, 0–5)

0.95 ± 0.67

1.40 ± 1.10

2.08 ± 1.00*

0.009

Mini-Cognition score (range, 0–5)

4.33 ± 0.86

3.64 ± 1.24

3.27 ± 1.27*

0.026

Cognitive dysfunction, no. (%)

0 (0.0)

3 (6.4)

4 (33.3)

0.003

PHQ-2 score (range, 0–6)

0.86 ± 0.85

1.45 ± 1.94

3.82 ± 1.72*,†

< 0.001

Depression, no. (%)

0 (0.0)

5 (10.6)

8 (66.7)

< 0.001

  1. Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise specified. Bold means that values are statistically significant. Comparisons between the three groups were investigated using the analysis of variance with post-hoc analysis via Tukey’s honest significance test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. * and † indicate statistically significant differences of continuous variables from the robust and prefrail groups, respectively. SPPB short physical performance battery, ASMI appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, ADL activity of daily living, IADL instrumental activity of daily living, PHQ-2 patient health questionnaire-2