Table 2 Baseline differences between the socially robust and socially declined groups during the two-year follow-up
From: Physical frailty predicts the development of social frailty: a prospective cohort study
Variables | Socially Robust (n = 277) | Socially declined (n = 65) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, y, mean (SD) | 72.0 (5.3) | 75.0 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
Women, n (%) | 167 (60) | 50 (77) | 0.012 |
Height, cm, mean (SD) | 157.2 (8.2) | 153.2 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 22.7 (3.0) | 22.2 (3.0) | 0.292 |
Medication, n, median (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (0–3) | 0.599 |
Multimorbidity, n (%) | 66 (28) | 37 (34) | 0.184 |
MMSE, median (IQR) | 29 (27–30) | 28 (26–30) | 0.081 |
Education, y, median (IQR) | 12 (12–14) | 12 (12–14) | 0.933 |
GDS, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) | 0.035 |
History of falls, n (%) | 39 (17) | 37 (34) | 0.030 |
TMIG-IC, median (IQR) | 13 (13–13) | 13 (13–13) | 0.723 |
Gait speed, m/s (SD) | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | 0.006 |
Handgrip strength, kg (SD) | 29.3 (7.8) | 25.6 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
MVPA, METs・hour (SD) | 3.4 (2.6) | 2.5 (1.9) | 0.012 |
Physically any-frailty | 83 (30) | 27 (42) | 0.072 |
Subdomain of physical frailty | |||
 Slow gait speed, n (%) | 4 (1) | 2 (3) | 0.320 |
 Weakness, n (%) | 8 (3) | 4 (6) | 0.198 |
 Exhaustion, n (%) | 42 (15) | 13 (20) | 0.339 |
 Low activity, n (%) | 16 (6) | 8 (12) | 0.064 |
 Weight loss, n (%) | 33 (12) | 8 (12) | 0.930 |
Socially Robust, n (%) | 277 (100) | – | – |
Socially pre-frail, n (%) | – | 53 (82) | – |
Socially frail, n (%) | – | 12 (18) | – |
Subdomain of social frailty | |||
 Financial difficulty, n (%) | – | 11 (3) | – |
 Living alone, n (%) | – | 11 (3) | – |
 Lack of social activity, n (%) | – | 50 (15) | – |
 Lack of contact with neighbors, n (%) | – | 6 (2) | – |