Table 1 Baseline characteristics in participants
From: Physical frailty predicts the development of social frailty: a prospective cohort study
Variables | Overall (n = 342) | Physically Robust (n = 232) | Physically any-frail (n = 110) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y, mean (SD) | 72.6 (5.6) | 72.2 (5.1) | 73.4 (6.3) | 0.079 |
Women, n (%) | 217 (64) | 146 (63) | 71 (65) | 0.772 |
Height, cm, mean (SD) | 156.4 (8.2) | 156.6 (8.2) | 156.0 (8.4) | 0.488 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 22.6 (3.0) | 22.4 (2.8) | 23.0 (3.3) | 0.090 |
Medication, n, median (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 0.088 |
Comorbidities | ||||
 Hypertension, n (%) | 157 (46) | 101 (44) | 56 (51) | 0.201 |
 Diabetes, n (%) | 39 (11) | 28 (12) | 11 (10) | 0.472 |
 Kidney disease, n (%) | 13 (4) | 7 (3) | 6 (6) | 0.363 |
 Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 27 (8) | 19 (8) | 8 (7) | 0.769 |
 Osteoporosis, n (%) | 41 (12) | 24 (10) | 17 (16) | 0.174 |
 Multimorbidity, n (%) | 103 (30) | 66 (28) | 37 (34) | 0.329 |
MMSE, median (IQR) | 29 (27–30) | 29 (27–30) | 29 (27–30) | 0.273 |
Education, y, median (IQR) | 12 (12–14) | 12 (12–14) | 12 (12–14) | 0.916 |
GDS, median (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 1.5 (0–3) | < 0.001 |
History of falls, n (%) | 76 (22) | 39 (17) | 37 (34) | < 0.001 |
TMIG-IC, median (IQR) | 13 (13–13) | 13 (13–13) | 13 (13–13) | 0.318 |
Gait speed, m/s (SD) | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
Handgrip strength, kg (SD) | 28.6 (7.6) | 29.2 (7.5) | 27.5 (7.7) | 0.065 |
MVPA, METs・hour (SD) | 3.2 (2.5) | 3.6 (2.6) | 2.3 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
Subdomain of physical frailty | ||||
 Slow gait speed, n (%) | 6 (2) | – | 6 (5) | – |
 Weakness, n (%) | 12 (4) | – | 12 (11) | – |
 Exhaustion, n (%) | 55 (16) | – | 55 (50) | – |
 Low activity, n (%) | 24 (7) | – | 24 (22) | – |
 Weight loss, n (%) | 41 (12) | – | 41 (37) | – |