Table 2 Characteristics of participants at baseline by frailty groups, n (%)
Characteristics | Overall (N = 701) | Robust (n = 454, 64.8%) | Pre-frail (n = 194, 27.7%) | Frail (n = 53, 7.5%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean ± SD | 70.5 ± 8.2 | 68.3 ± 6.6 | 73.1 ± 8.6 | 79.1 ± 9.8 | < 0.001 |
Female (n, %) | 397 (56.6) | 245 (54.0) | 122 (62.9) | 30 (56.6) | 0.111 |
Chinese | 591 (84.3) | 398 (87.7) | 153 (78.9) | 40 (75.5) | 0.003 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 Single | 88 (12.5) | 64 (14.1) | 21 (10.8) | 3 (5.7) |  |
 Married | 410 (58.5) | 279 (61.5) | 107 (55.2) | 24 (45.3) |  |
 Divorce/widowed | 203 (29.0) | 111 (24.4) | 66 (34.0) | 26 (49.0) |  |
Highest education |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No formal education | 245 (35.0) | 123 (27.1) | 92 (47.4) | 30 (56.6) |  |
 Primary | 124 (17.7) | 85 (18.7) | 30 (15.5) | 9 (17.0) |  |
 Secondary or higher | 332 (47.4) | 246 (54.2) | 72 (37.1) | 14 (26.4) |  |
Living alone | 131 (18.7) | 90 (19.8) | 36 (18.6) | 5 (9.4) | 0.185 |
Self-reported money insufficiency | 113 (16.1) | 53 (11.7) | 45 (23.2) | 15 (28.3) | < 0.010 |
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.047 |
 Non-smoker | 527 (75.2) | 349 (76.9) | 144 (74.2) | 34 (64.2) |  |
 Current smoker | 63 (9.0) | 41 (9.0) | 19 (9.8) | 3 (5.7) |  |
 Past smoker | 111 (15.8) | 64 (14.1) | 31 (16.0) | 16 (30.2) |  |
Multimorbidity | 487 (69.5) | 276 (60.8) | 161 (83.0) | 50 (94.3) | < 0.001 |
Disability | 107 (15.3) | 9 (2.0) | 58 (29.9) | 40 (75.5) | < 0.001 |