Table 1 General characteristics of subjects included in the study, as well as a comparison between individuals with DSDRS above and below the 75th age-specific percentile, defined as high 10-year dementia risk. Results are presented as either mean ± SD or Median (IQR), according to variable distributions. *p < 0.05

Female sex (%)

139 (54.1)

110 (55.6)

29 (49.2)

Age (years)

78.05 ± 6.16

77.83 ± 6.14

78.79 ± 6.22

Years since T2D diagnosis

10.0 (3.0–20.0)

7.5 (2.0–19.0)

17.0 (10.0–23.0)*

Age at T2D diagnosis

64.93 ± 12.56

66.12 ± 12.30

61.01 ± 12.71*

Schooling (years)

6.0 (1.0–9.0)

6.0 (2.0–9.0)

3.0 (0.0–6.0)*

Glucose (mg/dL)

143.86 ± 60.23

139.13 ± 44.58

158.89 ± 93.22

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

185.36 ± 97.09

181.33 ± 97.55

198.15 ± 95.55

HDL-C (mg/dL)

42.05 ± 12.64

42.08 ± 12.97

41.98 ± 11.64

Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)

194.52 ± 42.01

195.12 ± 42.59

192.61 ± 40.50

BMI (kg/m2)

26.99 ± 4.02

27.01 ± 3.95

26.92 ± 4.28

MMSE score

20.83 ± 5.45

21.81 ± 4.88

17.46 ± 5.99*

Isaac’s set test score

23.78 ± 6.87

24.75 ± 6.41

21.58 ± 7.43*

Clock Drawing Test

2.0 (1.0–5.0)

6.0 (2.0–9.0)

7.5 (2.0–19.0)

Geriatric depression scale

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

5.0 (3.5–7.0)*

Katz scale

5.21 ± 1.41

5.44 ± 1.16

4.42 ± 1.83*

Lawton scale

5.30 ± 1.28

5.44 ± 1.11

4.83 ± 1.66*

Mini-Nutritional Assessment

24.92 ± 3.29

25.67 ± 2.59

22.53 ± 4.12*

SF-36 PCS

43.53 ± 9.67

44.35 ± 9.71

39.87 ± 8.68*

SF-36 MCS

52.64 ± 9.59

53.66 ± 8.94

48.07 ± 11.10*

Frailty (%)

32 (15.0)

20 (11.5)

12 (30.8)*

Insulin use (%)

58 (22.6)

46 (23.2)

12 (20.3)

Stroke (%)

20 (7.8)

4 (2.0)

16 (27.1)*

Myocardial infarction (%)

27 (10.5)

14 (7.1)

13 (22.0)*

Acute metabolic events (%)

19 (7.4)

7 (3.5)

12 (20.3)*

Microvascular complications (%)

128 (49.8)

73 (36.9)

55 (93.2)*

Diabetic foot (%)

88 (34.2)

52 (26.3)

36 (61.0)*

DSDRS

8.0 (6.0–10.0)

7.0 (6.0–9.0)

11.0 (9.00–12.0)*