Mixed Effect | β (SE) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
Fixed effect | |||||
 constant | 9.39 (0.12)*** | 8.08 (0.16)*** | 8.00 (0.20)*** | 8.55 (0.23)*** | 8.49 (0.25)*** |
 Time | −0.99 (0.05)*** | −0.99 (0.05)*** | − 0.99 (0.05)*** | −0.99 (0.05)*** | − 0.99 (0.05)*** |
 Migrant (Ref. Non-migrants) | 0.78 (0.16)*** | 0.47 (0.14)*** | 0.48 (0.14)*** | 0.35 (0.14)** | 0.32 (0.14)* |
 Age65 ~ 70 (Ref. Age60~) | −0.83 (0.16)*** | −0.85 (0.14)*** | − 0.85 (0.14)*** | −0.79 (0.14)*** | − 0.78 (0.14)*** |
 Age > 70 (Ref. Age60~) | −2.68 (0.17)*** | −1.72 (0.16)*** | −1.66 (0.16)*** | −1.65 (0.16)*** | − 1.61 (0.16)*** |
SES | |||||
 Education level (Ref. illiterate) | |||||
  Some primary school |  | 2.09 (0.15)*** | 2.09 (0.15)*** | 2.06 (0.15)*** | 2.03 (0.15)*** |
  Finished primary school |  | 3.88 (0.17)*** | 3.88 (0.17)*** | 3.73 (0.17)*** | 3.69 (0.17)*** |
  Higher than primary school |  | 5.17 (0.30)*** | 5.14 (0.30)*** | 4.92 (0.29)*** | 4.88 (0.29)*** |
 Retired (Ref. no) |  | −0.09 (0.13) | −0.05 (0.13) | − 0.06 (0.12) | −0.03 (0.12) |
 Household annual income (Ref. low) | |||||
  Medium |  | −0.15 (0.13) | −0.10 (0.14) | − 0.21 (0.14) | −0.21 (0.14) |
  High |  | 0.26 (0.17) | 0.41 (0.19)* | 0.15 (0.19) | 0.14 (0.19) |
Family connections | |||||
 Coupled household |  |  | 0.15 (0.14) | 0.16 (0.14) | 0.15 (0.14) |
 Living with children |  |  | −0.36 (0.13)** | −0.28 (0.12)* | −0.29 (0.12)* |
 Caring for grandchildren |  |  | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.21 (0.12) |
Social attachment | |||||
 Civic participation (Ref.no) |  |  |  | 0.59 (0.65) | 0.52 (0.65) |
 Leisure activities (Ref.no) |  |  |  | 0.87 (0.19)*** | 0.83 (0.19)*** |
 Friendships (Ref.no) |  |  |  | 0.25 (0.12)* | 0.21 (0.12) |
Depression |  |  |  | −0.06 (0.01)*** | −0.06 (0.01)*** |
Health | |||||
 ADLs |  |  |  |  | −0.12 (0.05)* |
 Chronic diseases (Ref. Non-disease) |  |  |  |  | −0.05 (0.13) |
Health behaviours | |||||
 Smoking (Ref. Non-smoker) | |||||
  Light/moderate smokers |  |  |  |  | 0.30 (0.27) |
  Heavy smokers |  |  |  |  | 0.44 (0.43) |
 Alcohol consumption (Ref. Non-drinker) | |||||
   ≤ 1 drink per month |  |  |  |  | −0.01 (0.28) |
   > 1 drink per month |  |  |  |  | −0.05 (0.21) |
 Afternoon napping (Ref. Non-napper) | |||||
  Short napper |  |  |  |  | 0.65 (0.22)** |
  Moderate napper |  |  |  |  | 0.31 (0.13)* |
  Extended napper |  |  |  |  | −0.19 (0.18) |
 Random effect | |||||
  ID | 2.27 | 1.76 | 1.76 | 1.65 | 1.64 |
  Time | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
  AIC | 32,734 | 32,075 | 32,069 | 31,986 | 31,980 |