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Table 3 Association Between the Total Cognitive Trajectory and Migration Status in Female Subjects

From: Association between rural-to-urban migration and the cognitive aging trajectories of older Chinese adults: results from a prospective cohort analysis

Mixed Effect

β (SE)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Fixed effect

 constant

9.39 (0.12)***

8.08 (0.16)***

8.00 (0.20)***

8.55 (0.23)***

8.49 (0.25)***

 Time

−0.99 (0.05)***

−0.99 (0.05)***

− 0.99 (0.05)***

−0.99 (0.05)***

− 0.99 (0.05)***

 Migrant (Ref. Non-migrants)

0.78 (0.16)***

0.47 (0.14)***

0.48 (0.14)***

0.35 (0.14)**

0.32 (0.14)*

 Age65 ~ 70 (Ref. Age60~)

−0.83 (0.16)***

−0.85 (0.14)***

− 0.85 (0.14)***

−0.79 (0.14)***

− 0.78 (0.14)***

 Age > 70 (Ref. Age60~)

−2.68 (0.17)***

−1.72 (0.16)***

−1.66 (0.16)***

−1.65 (0.16)***

− 1.61 (0.16)***

SES

 Education level (Ref. illiterate)

  Some primary school

 

2.09 (0.15)***

2.09 (0.15)***

2.06 (0.15)***

2.03 (0.15)***

  Finished primary school

 

3.88 (0.17)***

3.88 (0.17)***

3.73 (0.17)***

3.69 (0.17)***

  Higher than primary school

 

5.17 (0.30)***

5.14 (0.30)***

4.92 (0.29)***

4.88 (0.29)***

 Retired (Ref. no)

 

−0.09 (0.13)

−0.05 (0.13)

− 0.06 (0.12)

−0.03 (0.12)

 Household annual income (Ref. low)

  Medium

 

−0.15 (0.13)

−0.10 (0.14)

− 0.21 (0.14)

−0.21 (0.14)

  High

 

0.26 (0.17)

0.41 (0.19)*

0.15 (0.19)

0.14 (0.19)

Family connections

 Coupled household

  

0.15 (0.14)

0.16 (0.14)

0.15 (0.14)

 Living with children

  

−0.36 (0.13)**

−0.28 (0.12)*

−0.29 (0.12)*

 Caring for grandchildren

  

0.16 (0.12)

0.19 (0.12)

0.21 (0.12)

Social attachment

 Civic participation (Ref.no)

   

0.59 (0.65)

0.52 (0.65)

 Leisure activities (Ref.no)

   

0.87 (0.19)***

0.83 (0.19)***

 Friendships (Ref.no)

   

0.25 (0.12)*

0.21 (0.12)

Depression

   

−0.06 (0.01)***

−0.06 (0.01)***

Health

 ADLs

    

−0.12 (0.05)*

 Chronic diseases (Ref. Non-disease)

    

−0.05 (0.13)

Health behaviours

 Smoking (Ref. Non-smoker)

  Light/moderate smokers

    

0.30 (0.27)

  Heavy smokers

    

0.44 (0.43)

 Alcohol consumption (Ref. Non-drinker)

   ≤ 1 drink per month

    

−0.01 (0.28)

   > 1 drink per month

    

−0.05 (0.21)

 Afternoon napping (Ref. Non-napper)

  Short napper

    

0.65 (0.22)**

  Moderate napper

    

0.31 (0.13)*

  Extended napper

    

−0.19 (0.18)

 Random effect

  ID

2.27

1.76

1.76

1.65

1.64

  Time

0.25

0.17

0.16

0.20

0.20

  AIC

32,734

32,075

32,069

31,986

31,980

  1. Abbreviations: AIC Akaike Information Criterion, SES socioeconomic status, ADL activity of daily living disability
  2. Model 1: Adjusted for age group and time of follow-up; Model 2: Model 1 + socioeconomic status; Model 3: Model 2 + family connections; Model 4: Model3 + social attachment + depression; Model 5: Model 4 + health and health behaviours
  3. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001;