Table 2 Multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with depressive symptoms
Independent Variable | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR a (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (Male as reference) | ||||
Female | 1.99 (1.78–2.21) | < 0.001 | 1.69 (1.49–1.92) | < 0.001 |
Marriage Status (Living with spouse present as reference) | ||||
Married but not living with spouse temporarily | 1.49 (1.11–2.00) | 0.008 | 1.36 (1.00–1.85) | 0.054 |
Divorced / Widowed / Never married / Cohabitated | 1.69 (1.51–1.89) | < 0.001 | 1.29 (1.13–1.47) | < 0.001 |
Residence (Main city zone as reference) | ||||
Town area | 1.37 (1.08–1.73) | 0.010 | 1.20 (0.93–1.54) | 0.155 |
Township | 1.61 (1.19–2.17) | 0.002 | 1.35 (0.98–1.86) | 0.066 |
Village | 2.16 (1.84–2.55) | < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.47–2.14) | < 0.001 |
Education level (Illiterate as reference) | ||||
Elementary school or below | 0.68 (0.60–0.76) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.060 |
Middle school | 0.40 (0.34–0.48) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.52–0.78) | < 0.001 |
High school or Vocational school | 0.27 (0.24–0.35) | < 0.001 | 0.46 (0.35–0.63) | < 0.001 |
Bachelor’s degree / Associate degree or greater | 0.24 (0.15–0.38) | < 0.001 | 0.48 (0.29–0.80) | 0.005 |
Number of chronic diseases suffered (None as reference) | ||||
One | 1.51 (1.27–1.80) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.20–1.73) | < 0.001 |
Two | 1.76 (1.47–2.10) | < 0.001 | 1.74 (1.44–2.09) | < 0.001 |
Three or more | 3.25 (2.76–3.84) | < 0.001 | 3.34 (2.81–3.96) | < 0.001 |
Number of children (One as reference) | ||||
Two or more | 1.41 (1.15–1.71) | 0.001 | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 0.702 |
Frequency of meeting with children (Over once a week as reference) | ||||
1–2 times a month | 1.31 (1.14–1.51) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (1.04–1.40) | 0.016 |
1–2 times every 6 months | 1.71 (1.48–1.98) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.28–1.74) | < 0.001 |
Once a year or less | 1.95 (1.63–2.33) | < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.39–2.03) | < 0.001 |
Frequency of connecting with children (At least twice a week as reference) | ||||
Once a week | 1.51 (1.32–1.72) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.07–1.52) | 0.006 |
1–2 times a month | 1.61 (1.36–1.89) | < 0.001 | 1.32 (1.11–1.58) | 0.002 |
Once every 3 months or less | 1.65 (1.40–1.93) | < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.17–1.55) | < 0.001 |