Table 1 Participant characteristics by CES-D-10 scores and depressive symptoms
Variables | N (%) | CES-D-10 scores (Mean ± SD) | F | Depressive symptoms (N / prevalence %) | χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 209.159*** | 157.471*** | |||
Male | 3216 (55.53) | 7.72 ± 6.14 | 977 (30.38) | ||
Female | 2575 (44.47) | 10.23 ± 7.05 | 1196 (46.45) | ||
Age (years old) | 1.138 | 2.646 | |||
60–69 | 3504 (60.51) | 8.74 ± 6.70 | 1318 (37.61) | ||
70–79 | 1791 (30.93) | 9.03 ± 6.70 | 685 (38.25) | ||
≥ 80 | 496 (8.57) | 8.73 ± 6.48 | 170 (34.27) | ||
Marriage status | 64.053*** | 83.448*** | |||
Living with spouse present | 3788 (65.41) | 8.12 ± 6.36 | 1262 (33.32) | ||
Married but not living with spouse temporarily | 190 (3.28) | 9.42 ± 6.48 | 81 (42.63) | ||
Divorced / Widowed / Never married | 1813 (31.31) | 10.25 ± 7.11 | 830 (48.78) | ||
Residence | 52.735*** | 102.656*** | |||
Main city zone | 916 (15.82) | 6.62 ± 5.82 | 226 (24.67) | ||
Town area | 540 (9.32) | 7.80 ± 6.38 | 167 (30.93) | ||
Township | 255 (4.40) | 8.42 ± 6.28 | 88 (34.51) | ||
Village | 4080 (70.45) | 9.49 ± 6.80 | 1692 (41.47) | ||
Education level | 75.525*** | 190.701*** | |||
Illiterate | 1705 (29.44) | 10.57 ± 7.18 | 812 (47.62) | ||
Elementary school or below | 2706 (46.73) | 8.91 ± 6.56 | 1030 (38.06) | ||
Middle school | 851 (14.70) | 6.92 ± 5.75 | 229 (26.91) | ||
High school or Vocational school | 410 (7.08) | 6.02 ± 5.44 | 81 (19.76) | ||
Bachelor’s degree / Associate degree or greater | 119 (2.05) | 5.53 ± 4.65 | 21 (17.65) | ||
Household per capita consumptions expenditure last yeara | 0.936 | 3.474 | |||
≤ 2000 RMB / 286.69 US$ / 255.90 € | 3302 (57.02) | 8.87 ± 6.71 | 1233 (37.34) | ||
~ 5000 RMB / 716.72 US$ / 639.75 € | 1233 (21.29) | 9.00 ± 6.47 | 487 (39.50) | ||
~ 10,000 RMB / 1433.44 US$ / 1279.51 € | 630 (10.88) | 8.57 ± 6.98 | 223 (35.40) | ||
> 10,000 RMB / 1433.44 US$ / 1279.51 € | 626 (10.81) | 8.58 ± 6.62 | 230 (36.74) | ||
Number of chronic diseases sufferedb | 135.991*** | 246.78*** | |||
None | 1103 (19.05) | 6.57 ± 5.52 | 264 (23.93) | ||
One | 1452 (25.07) | 7.83 ± 6.22 | 468 (32.23) | ||
Two | 1309 (22.60) | 8.52 ± 6.37 | 466 (35.60) | ||
Three or more | 1927 (33.28) | 11.09 ± 7.15 | 975 (50.60) | ||
Number of children | 25.595*** | 11.394** | |||
One | 498 (8.60) | 7.39 ± 6.20 | 152 (30.52) | ||
Two or more | 5293 (91.40) | 8.97 ± 6.71 | 2021 (38.18) | ||
Frequency of meeting with children | 35.732*** | 79.056*** | |||
At least once a week | 1725 (29.79) | 7.70 ± 6.37 | 524 (30.38) | ||
1–2 times a month | 1793 (30.96) | 8.66 ± 6.44 | 653 (36.42) | ||
1–2 times every 6 months | 1533 (26.47) | 9.64 ± 6.82 | 656 (42.79) | ||
Once a year or less | 740 (12.78) | 10.22 ± 7.17 | 340 (45.95) | ||
Frequency of connecting with children | 28.873*** | 60.018*** | |||
At least twice a week | 1985 (34.28) | 7.80 ± 6.32 | 611 (30.78) | ||
Once a week | 1948 (33.64) | 8.99 ± 6.61 | 782 (40.14) | ||
1–2 times a month | 900 (15.54) | 9.85 ± 7.01 | 375 (41.67) | ||
Once every 3 months or less | 958 (16.54) | 9.70 ± 6.93 | 405 (42.28) | ||
Total | 5791 (100.00) | 8.83 ± 6.68 | 2173 (37.52) |