Table 1 Comparison of demographic characteristics, health conditions, and comorbidities among the four groups by descriptive analyses
Variables | No exercise n = 1119 | Low-intensity exercise n = 195 | Moderate-intensity exercise n = 118 | High-intensity exercise n = 140 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristic | |||||
Sex | |||||
Male | 556 (49.7) | 88 (45.1) | 74 (62.7) | 101 (72.1) | < 0.001 |
Female | 563 (50.3) | 107 (54.9) | 44 (37.3) | 39 (27.9) | |
Age | 73.3 ± 5.2 | 72.4 ± 4.8 | 72.5 ± 5.2 | 71.5 ± 5.0 | < 0.001 |
Race | |||||
Non-Hispanic white | 471 (42.1) | 76 (39.0) | 58 (49.2) | 48 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
Non-Hispanic black | 282 (25.2) | 61 (31.3) | 24 (20.3) | 26 (18.6) | |
Hispanic (Mexican American or other) | 284 (25.4) | 32 (16.4) | 25 (21.2) | 40 (28.6) | |
Other (including multiracial) | 82 (7.3) | 26 (13.3) | 11 (9.3) | 26 (18.6) | |
Education | |||||
< High school | 538 (48.1) | 50 (25.6) | 35 (29.7) | 37 (26.4) | < 0.001 |
High school or equivalent | 249 (22.3) | 46 (23.6) | 26 (22.0) | 25 (17.9) | |
College graduate or above | 332 (29.7) | 99 (50.8) | 57 (48.3) | 78 (55.7) | |
Marital Status | |||||
Married | 600 (53.6) | 94 (48.2) | 70 (59.3) | 77 (55.0) | 0.009 |
Never married | 36 (3.2) | 11 (5.6) | 3 (2.5) | 11 (7.9) | |
Widowed | 319 (28.5) | 60 (30.8) | 28 (23.7) | 23 (16.4) | |
Living with partner, separated, or divorced | 164 (14.7) | 30 (15.4) | 17 (14.4) | 29 (20.7) | |
Family poverty index ratio | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
Health Condition | |||||
General health condition | |||||
Excellent/Very good/good | 496 (44.3) | 126 (64.6) | 81 (73.7) | 97 (69.3) | < 0.001 |
Fair/Poor | 623 (55.7) | 69 (35.4) | 31 (26.3) | 43 (30.7) | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||
<18.5 | 9 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0.107 |
18.5–25.0 | 165 (14.8) | 43 (22.1) | 19 (16.1) | 28 (20.0) | |
≥ 25.0 | 945 (84.5) | 152 (78.0) | 99 (83.9) | 111 (79.3) | |
Cigarette smoking | 113 (10.1) | 13 (6.7) | 7 (5.9) | 99 (6.4) | 0.144 |
Alcohol drinking | 589 (52.6) | 102 (52.3) | 77 (65.3) | 99 (70.7) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidity | |||||
Hypertension | 861 (76.9) | 147 (75.4) | 86 (72.9) | 96 (68.6) | 0.149 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 693 (61.9) | 135 (69.2) | 71 (60.2) | 90 (64.3) | 0.232 |
Coronary heart disease | 193 (17.3) | 23 (11.8) | 21 (17.8) | 19 (13.6) | 0.204 |
Chest pain | 350 (31.3) | 55 (28.2) | 27 (22.9) | 34 (24.3) | 0.105 |
Sleep disorders | 365 (32.6) | 70 (36.9) | 31 (26.3) | 54 (38.6) | 0.159 |
Malignancy | 259 (23.2) | 50 (25.6) | 29 (24.6) | 31 (22.1) | 0.851 |