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Table 1 The baseline characteristics of included studies and participants

From: Effectiveness of exercise intervention on fall-related fractures in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Study

Country

Sample size

Age (years)

Percent male (%)

BMI (kg/m2)

Number of fractures

Exercise regimen

Control

Supplements

Follow-up duration

Study quality

Preisinger 1996 [32]

Australia

58 (27/31)

60.7 (62.6/59.0)

0.0

NM

7 (5/2)

Postural stability, functional movement, coordination and muscle strength, 3 times per week, for 4 years; home-based

Retained usual lifestyle

No supplements

4.0 years

3

McMurdo 1997 [33]

UK

92 (44/48)

64.5

0.0

NM

2 (0/2)

Weight-bearing exercise, 3 times a week, 10 weeks a year for 2 years; centre-based

Retained usual lifestyle

Daily calcium (1000 mg) supplements

7.0 years

2

Ebrahim 1997 [34]

UK

97 (49/48)

67.2 (66.4/68.1)

0.0

NM

10 (6/4)

Brisk walking for 40 min, 3 times a week, for 2 years; home-based

Received usual care

No supplements

2.0 years

5

Robertson 2001 [35]

New Zealand

240 (121/119)

81.0 (80.8/81.1)

32.5

NM

9 (2/7)

Muscle strengthening and balance exercise, 3 times a week, plus a walking programme, 2 times a week, training for 12 mos and following-up for 18 months; home-based

Usual care

No supplements

1.0 year

5

Chan 2004 [36]

China

108 (54/54)

54.0 (54.4/53.6)

0.0

23.8

3 (1/2)

50 min of Yang Style Tai Chi exercise in each training day, 5 days a week, for 12 months; centre-based

Retained sedentary lifestyle

No supplements

1.0 year

2

Ashburn 2007 [37]

UK

134 (67/67)

72.2 (72.7/71.6)

61.0

NM

8 (2/6)

Daily muscle strengthening, movement, balance training and walking for 6 months; home-based

Received usual care

No supplements

6.0 months

5

Karinkanta 2007 [38]

Finland

144 (108/36)

72.6 (72.8/72.0)

0.0

28.5

4 (2/2)

Resistance training, balance-jumping or combining those exercises together, 3 times a week, for 12 months; centre-based

Asked to maintain Usual physical activity

No supplements

1.0 year

5

Swanenburg 2007 [39]

Switzerland

20 (10/10)

71.2 (71.8/70.7)

0.0

23.3

1 (1/0)

A group programme of muscular strength, co-ordination, balance and endurance training, 3 sessions a week for 3 months, following-up for 12 months; centre-based

Retained routine activities

Daily calcium (500–1000 mg) and Vit D (400–800 IU) supplements

1.0 year

5

Haines 2009 [40]

Australia

53 (19/34)

80.6 (80.9/80.5)

39.6

NM

3 (1/2)

A progressive exercise programme combining lower limb strength and balance exercises, lasting for 6 months; home-based

Retained usual lifestyle

No supplements

6.0 months

5

Zeng 2009 [41]

China

124 (63/61)

50.0–69.0

NA

NM

7 (2/5)

Tai Chi exercise, 3 times a week, training for 2 months and following-up for 2 years; centre-based

Asked to keep usual lifestyle

Daily calcium (600 mg) supplements

2.0 years

3

Bischoff-Ferrari 2010 [42]

Switzerland

173 (87/86)

84.2 (83.4/85.1)

20.8

24.3

22 (7/15)

An additional daily 30-min exercise including balance and strength training, plus functional mobility during acute care, continuing the programme each day after discharge, lasting for 12 months; home-based

Received usual care

No supplements

1.0 year

5

Kemmler 2010 [43]

Germany

227 (115/112)

69.0 (68.9/69.2)

0.0

NM

18 (6/12)

Two times of supervised balance training, strength training and upper body exercises, plus 2 times of home training including strength and flexibility exercises, 4 times a week for 18 months; centre/ home-based

Retained usual lifestyle and exercise habits

Daily calcium (1500 mg) and Vit D (500 IU) supplements

1.5 years

5

Korpelainen 2010 [44]

Finland

160 (84/76)

72.7 (72.7/72.6)

0.0

25.6

38 (16/22)

A weekly supervised balance, leg strength and impact training programme, 6 months each year, followed by a daily home exercise including a similar programme as supervised training, 6 months a year, training for 2 years and following-up for 6 years; centre/home-based

Asked to continue daily routine activities

No supplements

7.0 years

5

Smulders 2010 [45]

Netherlands

92 (47/45)

71.0 (70.5/71.6)

6.3

NM

2 (0/2)

Weight-bearing and walking exercises, and gait correction and fall prevention training programmes, training for 5.5 weeks and following-up for 12 months; centre-based

Usual lifestyle

No supplements

1.0 year

5

Iliffe 2014 [46]

UK

1256 (387/411/458)

73.0

37.6

26.7

9 (3/6)

Centre-based exercise: 1 h of upper body and lower body strength training, plus 2 times of walking per week; home- based exercise: 3 times per week of muscle strengthening and balance exercises plus 2 times of walking; training for 6 months and following-up 1 year; centre/home-based

Retained usual lifestyle

No supplements

2.0 years

5

Gill 2016 [47]

USA

1635 (818/817)

78.9 (78.7/79.1)

32.8

NM

142 (66/76)

The intervention included two center based visits a week and home based activity 3–4 times a week. The physical activity sessions were individualized and progressed toward a goal of 30 min of walking at moderate intensity, 3–5 min of large muscle group flexibility exercises, 10 min of primarily lower extremity strength training by means of ankle weights (two sets of 10 repetitions), and 10 min of balance training; centre/home-based

Health education to continue daily routine activities

No supplements

2.6 years

5

Uusi-Rasi 2017 [48]

Finland

409 (205/204)

74.2 (74.5/74.0)

0.0

NM

15 (8/7)

Static balance, 4 m normal walking speed and five-time chair stand tests, and by the Timed up and go (TUG) test; centre-based

Usual lifestyle

Daily calcium (1098 mg) and Vit D (10.4 μg) supplements

2.0 years

4

Cockayne 2017 [49]

UK

1010 (493/517)

77.9 (78.1/77.7)

39.6

27.7

31 (17/14)

Routine podiatry care as determined by the podiatrist and a falls prevention leaflet in addition to: footwear advice and provision if current footwear was judged to be inappropriate; foot orthoses; and a 30 min a day, three times a week home-based foot and ankle exercise programme supplemented with a DVD and explanatory booklet; centre/home-based

Routine care

No supplements

1.0 year

4

Harris 2019 [50]

UK

1001/297

45.0–75.0/60.0–75.0

36.0/46.0

NM

70 (34/36)

Postal, who received the 12-week PACE-UP walking programme (pedometer, handbook, and PA diary) by post, and nurse- supported, who received the same materials at the first of three practice nurse PA consultations; 12-week PACE-Lift walking programme (pedometer, handbook, PA diary, and feedback on their accelerometry measures) at the first of four practice nurse PA consultations; centre/home-based/centre-based

Routine care

No supplements

3.0 years

4

Liu-Ambrose 2019 [51]

Canada

374 (172/172)

81.6 (81.2/81.9)

33.4

27.0

27 (15/12)

5 strengthening exercises: knee extensor, knee flexor, hip abductor, ankle plantar flexors, and ankle dorsiflexors; 11 balance retraining exercises: knee bends, backward walking, walking and turning around, sideways walking, tandem stands, tandem walking, 1-leg stand, heel walking, toe walking, heel-toe walking backward, and sit to stand; home-based

Usual care

No supplements

1.0 year

5

  1. *BMI body mass index, NM not mentioned