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Table 4 Odds ratios (95% CI) for physical frailty transitions and loneliness

From: Loneliness as a risk factor for frailty transition among older Chinese people

 

3 -year period (2008–2011)

6-year period (2008–2014)

Remaining robust and prefrail

Worsening

Improvement

Remaining frail

Remaining robust and prefrail

Worsening

Improvement

Remaining frail

Total

 never

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 seldom

0.99

1.05

1.03

1.15

0.98

1.02

0.99

2.47**

(0.87–1.13)

(0.90–1.21)

(0.86–1.23)

(0.76–1.73)

(0.83–1.15)

(0.85–1.22)

(0.77–1.26)

(1.25–4.85)

 often

0.78**

1.19*

1.14

1.00

0.84

1.34**

0.85

1.88

(0.68–0.91)

(1.01–1.41)

(0.94–1.39)

(0.67–1.51)

(0.70–1.01)

(1.08–1.66)

(0.65–1.12)

(0.93–3.79)

Female

 never

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 seldom

1.00

1.01

1.02

1.17

1.01

1.12

0.77

1.77

(0.83–1.21)

(0.82–1.25)

(0.79–1.32)

(0.73–1.87)

(0.80–1.28)

(0.86–1.46)

(0.55–1.08)

(0.83–3.77)

 often

0.85

1.04

1.07

0.96

0.94

1.20

0.78

1.40

(0.69–1.05)

(0.82–1.32)

(0.82–1.40)

(0.60–1.53)

(0.73–1.21)

(0.89–1.60)

(0.55–1.10)

(0.65–3.02)

Male

 never

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 seldom

0.99

1.08

1.03

1.35

0.96

0.92

1.28

12.68*

(0.83–1.18)

(0.88–1.33)

(0.80–1.34)

(0.55–3.32)

(0.77–1.20)

(0.71–1.18)

(0.90–1.82)

(1.66–96.71)

 often

0.73**

1.37*

1.25

1.37

0.75*

1.54**

0.94

8.89

(0.59–0.89)

(1.07–1.75)

(0.93–1.68)

(0.58–3.24)

(0.57–0.99)

(1.13–2.11)

(0.61–1.44)

(0.75–105.30)

  1. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05;
  2. Sample size: 2008–2011 waves: total participants: 5689; for female participants:2866; for male participants:2823;
  3. 2011–2014 waves: total participants: 3529; for female participants:1776; for male participants:1753
  4. Notes: Model had been adjusted for age, components number in the frail scale at baseline, residence, education year, living arrangement, relative economic status, smoking and drinking alcohol at baseline. In total participants, adjustment for gender was also performed