Table 5 Association of socio-demographic characteristics with the utilization of home help services (n = 3770)
Home help services | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-use | Use | Expendituresb, c | ||||
n (%) | n (%) | P valuea | Mean ± SD | Median (IQR) | P valued,e | |
Total | 2607 (69.2) | 1163 (30.8) | 1113.9 ± 1145.6 | 623 (269–1605) | ||
Household income | ||||||
Middle/high income | 1697 (72.2) | 654 (27.8) | < 0.001 | 1134.8 ± 1130.6 | 668 (281–1669) | 0.163 |
Low income | 910 (64.1) | 509 (35.9) | 1087.1 ± 1165.1 | 583 (253–1559) | ||
Age (years) | ||||||
62–71 | 285 (72.2) | 110 (27.8) | 0.173 | 885.3 ± 989.8 | 544 (227–1200) | < 0.001 |
72–81 | 890 (67.5) | 428 (32.5) | 956.5 ± 1038.4 | 527 (245–1292) | ||
≥ 82 | 1432 (69.6) | 625 (30.4) | 1261.9 ± 1219.3 | 753 (308–2011) | ||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 949 (71.7) | 374 (28.3) | 0.012 | 1024.8 ± 1117.7 | 547 (233–1459) | 0.011 |
Female | 1658 (67.8) | 789 (32.2) | 1156.1 ± 1156.9 | 663 (295–1703) | ||
Dwelling | ||||||
Detached house | 2096 (71.0) | 856 (29.0) | < 0.001 | 1076.9 ± 1122.9 | 593 (265–1500) | 0.144 |
Multiple-unit housing | 511 (62.5) | 307 (37.5) | 1217.2 ± 1202.3 | 704 (294–1870) | ||
Care needs level | ||||||
Care needs level 1 | 647 (68.5) | 297 (31.5) | < 0.001 | 504.1 ± 453.4 | 359 (205–612) | < 0.001 |
Care needs level 2 | 800 (72.2) | 308 (27.8) | 670.0 ± 605.2 | 477 (212–931) | ||
Care needs level 3 | 522 (73.3) | 190 (26.7) | 1230.3 ± 1039.7 | 912 (336–2002) | ||
Care needs level 4 | 358 (65.3) | 190 (34.7) | 1732.7 ± 1383.7 | 1396 (462–3100) | ||
Care needs level 5 | 280 (61.1) | 178 (38.9) | 2114.8 ± 1427.6 | 1678 (856–3509) | ||
Physical function | ||||||
Independent (Independent and Level J) | 236 (61.8) | 146 (38.2) | < 0.001 | 439.4 ± 403.6 | 302 (155–566) | < 0.001 |
Mild (Level A) | 1418 (73.7) | 507 (26.3) | 823.2 ± 840.2 | 482 (235–1105) | ||
Moderate (Level B) | 680 (67.2) | 332 (32.8) | 1388.8 ± 1289.4 | 855 (340–2199) | ||
Severe (Level C) | 273 (60.5) | 178 (39.5) | 1982.6 ± 1355.5 | 1637 (857–3124) | ||
Cognitive function | ||||||
Independent (Independent and Rank I) | 961 (67.0) | 474 (33.0) | 0.071 | 749.4 ± 832.0 | 459 (226–936) | < 0.001 |
Mild (Rank II) | 760 (69.2) | 338 (30.8) | 1098.8 ± 1093.2 | 681 (293–1654) | ||
Moderate (Rank III) | 587 (72.1) | 227 (27.9) | 1552.7 ± 1327.1 | 1168 (410–2372) | ||
Severe (Rank IV and Rank M) | 299 (70.7) | 124 (29.3) | 1745.5 ± 1398.4 | 1419 (510–2990) | ||
Chronic diseases | ||||||
Dementia | ||||||
Present | 780 (73.3) | 284 (26.7) | 0.001 | 1400.0 ± 1288.3 | 877 (336–2171) | < 0.001 |
Absent | 1827 (67.5) | 879 (32.5) | 1021.5 ± 1080.2 | 584 (256–2990) | ||
Cerebrovascular disease | ||||||
Present | 1075 (70.3) | 454 (29.7) | 0.204 | 1111.7 ± 1152.3 | 614 (273–1592) | 0.999 |
Absent | 1532 (68.4) | 709 (31.6) | 1115.3 ± 1142.1 | 633 (267–1651) | ||
Joint disorders | ||||||
Present | 1015 (66.6) | 508 (33.4) | 0.006 | 1062.1 ± 1137.2 | 584 (245–1506) | 0.040 |
Absent | 1592 (70.9) | 655 (29.1) | 1154.1 ± 1151.3 | 671 (308–1678) | ||
Heart disease | ||||||
Present | 848 (68.3) | 393 (31.7) | 0.446 | 1087.0 ± 1063.9 | 663 (279–1551) | 0.661 |
Absent | 1759 (69.6) | 770 (30.4) | 1127.7 ± 1185.5 | 604 (265–1673) | ||
Parkinson’s disease | ||||||
Present | 163 (66.0) | 84 (34.0) | 0.266 | 1576.4 ± 1295.5 | 1218 (517–2510) | < 0.001 |
Absent | 2444 (69.4) | 1079 (30.6) | 1077.9 ± 1125.8 | 593 (265–1541) | ||
Home-based rehabilitation services | ||||||
Use | 484 (71.1) | 197 (28.9) | 0.231 | 905.6 ± 905.4 | 577 (258–1242) | 0.079 |
Non-use | 2123 (68.7) | 966 (31.3) | 1156.4 ± 1184.5 | 642 (271–1702) | ||
Home help services | ||||||
Use | – | – | – | – | – | |
Non-use | – | – | – | – | ||
Home-visit nursing | ||||||
Use | 198 (53.2) | 174 (46.8) | < 0.001 | 1194.2 ± 1153.2 | 763 (329–1709) | 0.105 |
Non-use | 2409 (70.9) | 989 (29.1) | 1099.8 ± 1144.2 | 590 (262–1589) | ||
Medical expenditures (USD)b | ||||||
Lower group (≤$142.62) | 906 (72.1) | 351 (27.9) | 0.001 | 840.8 ± 856.7 | 525 (246–1060) | < 0.001 |
Middle group ($142.63–551.59) | 882 (70.2) | 375 (29.8) | 995.2 ± 1066.8 | 534 (265–1354) | ||
Higher group (≥$551.60) | 819 (65.2) | 437 (34.8) | 1435.2 ± 1325.4 | 893 (310–2352) | ||