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Table 4 Association of socio-demographic characteristics with the utilization of home-based rehabilitation services (n = 3770)

From: Association of household income with home-based rehabilitation and home help service utilization among long-term home care service users

 

Home-based rehabilitation services

 

Non-use

Use

 

Expendituresb, c

n (%)

n (%)

P valuea

Mean ± SD

Median (IQR)

P valued,e

Total

3089 (81.9)

681 (18.1)

 

786.2 ± 530.5

661 (321–1143)

 

Household income

 Middle/high income

1875 (79.8)

476 (20.2)

< 0.001

804.1 ± 533.1

681 (324–1169)

0.156

 Low income

1214 (85.6)

205 (14.4)

 

744.4 ± 523.4

642 (313–1056)

 

Age (years)

 62–71

262 (66.3)

133 (33.7)

< 0.001

835.9 ± 550.3

753 (326–1247)

0.496

 72–81

1057 (80.2)

261 (19.8)

 

764.6 ± 527.4

626 (321–1082)

 

  ≥ 82

1770 (86.0)

287 (14.0)

 

782.6 ± 524.3

681 (321–1152)

 

Sex

 Male

1010 (76.3)

313 (23.7)

< 0.001

804.9 ± 532.3

731 (313–1180)

0.441

 Female

2079 (85.0)

368 (15.0)

 

770.2 ± 529.2

641 (322–1111)

 

Dwelling

 Detached house

2376 (80.5)

576 (19.5)

< 0.001

801.6 ± 545.0

669 (321–1169)

0.207

 Multiple-unit housing

713 (87.2)

105 (12.8)

 

701.0 ± 435.0

596 (321–999)

 

Care needs level

 Care needs level 1

780 (82.6)

164 (17.4)

0.228

648.6 ± 347.0

601 (331–872)

< 0.001

 Care needs level 2

893 (80.6)

215 (19.4)

 

817.2 ± 389.8

754 (385–1115)

 

 Care needs level 3

578 (81.2)

134 (18.8)

 

967.7 ± 593.7

968 (449–1311)

 

 Care needs level 4

466 (85.0)

82 (15.0)

 

827.8 ± 650.5

491 (313–1368)

 

 Care needs level 5

372 (81.2)

86 (18.8)

 

647.9 ± 591.7

324 (235–883)

 

Physical function

 Independent (Independent and Level J)

327 (85.6)

55 (14.4)

0.127

695.2 ± 389.2

648 (420–875)

< 0.001

 Mild (Level A)

1584 (82.3)

341 (17.7)

 

826.9 ± 497.5

757 (395–1169)

 

 Moderate (Level B)

817 (80.7)

195 (19.3)

 

811.7 ± 589.6

665 (313–1185)

 

 Severe (Level C)

361 (80.0)

90 (20.0)

 

631.8 ± 564.1

350 (235–883)

 

Cognitive function

 Independent (Independent and Rank I)

1074 (74.8)

361 (25.2)

< 0.001

764.2 ± 493.2

642 (321–1120)

0.003

 Mild (Rank II)

935 (85.2)

163 (14.8)

 

852.2 ± 550.9

798 (391–1256)

 

 Moderate (Rank III)

705 (86.6)

109 (13.4)

 

854.3 ± 607.2

741 (330–1226)

 

 Severe (Rank IV and Rank M)

375 (88.7)

48 (11.3)

 

571.4 ± 488.6

330 (247–648)

 

Chronic diseases

Dementia

  Present

951 (89.4)

113 (10.6)

< 0.001

779.1 ± 515.7

691 (390–1009)

0.852

  Absent

2138 (79.0)

568 (21.0)

 

787.5 ± 533.8

647 (320–1167)

 

Cerebrovascular disease

  Present

1182 (77.3)

347 (22.7)

< 0.001

852.5 ± 532.1

754 (374–1244)

< 0.001

  Absent

1907 (85.1)

334 (14.9)

 

717.2 ± 520.7

557 (313–1016)

 

Joint disorders

  Present

1213 (79.6)

310 (20.4)

0.003

736.4 ± 492.5

635 (313–1102)

0.047

  Absent

1876 (83.5)

371 (16.5)

 

827.7 ± 557.5

705 (332–1181)

 

Heart disease

  Present

1014 (81.7)

227 (18.3)

0.799

740.6 ± 527.3

626 (313–1044)

0.075

  Absent

2075 (82.0)

454 (18.0)

 

808.9 ± 531.2

709 (324–1169)

 

Parkinson’s disease

  Present

176 (71.3)

71 (28.7)

< 0.001

784.4 ± 513.0

697 (313–1169)

0.980

  Absent

2913 (82.7)

610 (17.3)

 

786.3 ± 532.9

659 (321–1139)

 

Home-based rehabilitation services

 Use

 

 Non-use

 

 

Home help services

 Use

966 (83.1)

197 (16.9)

0.231

637.7 ± 482.5

433 (311–959)

< 0.001

 Non-use

2123 (81.4)

484 (18.6)

 

846.5 ± 537.7

756 (364–1218)

 

Home-visit nursing

 Use

269 (72.3)

103 (27.7)

< 0.001

504.9 ± 425.8

321 (235–642)

< 0.001

 Non-use

2820 (83.0)

578 (17.0)

 

836.2 ± 532.0

753 (370–1176)

 

Medical expenditures (USD)b

 Lower group (≤$142.62)

1015 (80.7)

242 (19.3)

0.178

895.1 ± 549.9

847 (432–1264)

< 0.001

 Middle group ($142.63–551.59)

1025 (81.5)

232 (18.5)

 

774.3 ± 479.0

698 (325–1073)

 

 Higher group (≥$551.60)

1049 (83.5)

207 (16.5)

 

672.0 ± 539.2

439 (276–973)

 
  1. a χ2 test
  2. b Expenditures were converted to USD from JPY (US$1 = ¥82, March 1, 2012). Expenditures were calculated as the mean medical expenditure for the month of care needs certification and the subsequent month, and were categorized into tertiles: lower group (≤US$142.62), middle group (US$142.63–551.59), and higher group (≥US$551.60)
  3. c Expenditures were calculated using only subjects who used each service
  4. d Mann-Whitney U test
  5. e Kruskal-Wallis test
  6. IQR Interquartile range; SD Standard deviation