Table 3 Socio-demographic characteristics by household income (n = 3770)
Total n (%) | Household income | P valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Low income n (%) | Middle/high income n (%) | |||
Total | 3770 (100.0) | 1419 (37.6) | 2351 (62.4) | |
Age (years) | ||||
62–71 | 395 (10.5) | 125 (8.8) | 270 (11.5) | 0.003 |
72–81 | 1318 (35.0) | 474 (33.4) | 844 (35.9) | |
≥ 82 | 2057 (54.6) | 820 (57.8) | 1237 (52.6) | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1323 (35.1) | 273 (19.2) | 1050 (44.7) | < 0.001 |
Female | 2447 (64.9) | 1146 (80.8) | 1301 (55.3) | |
Dwelling | ||||
Detached house | 2952 (78.3) | 1056 (74.4) | 1896 (80.6) | < 0.001 |
Multiple-unit housing | 818 (21.7) | 363 (25.6) | 455 (19.4) | |
Care needs level | ||||
Care needs level 1 | 944 (25.0) | 389 (27.4) | 555 (23.6) | 0.027 |
Care needs level 2 | 1108 (29.4) | 393 (27.7) | 715 (30.4) | |
Care needs level 3 | 712 (18.9) | 257 (18.1) | 455 (19.4) | |
Care needs level 4 | 548 (14.5) | 194 (13.7) | 354 (15.1) | |
Care needs level 5 | 458 (12.1) | 186 (13.1) | 272 (11.6) | |
Physical function | ||||
Independent (Independent and Level J) | 382 (10.1) | 152 (10.7) | 230 (9.8) | 0.708 |
Mild (Level A) | 1925 (51.1) | 718 (50.6) | 1207 (51.3) | |
Moderate (Level B) | 1012 (26.8) | 386 (27.2) | 626 (26.6) | |
Severe (Level C) | 451 (12.0) | 163 (11.5) | 288 (12.3) | |
Cognitive function | ||||
Independent (Independent and Rank I) | 1435 (38.1) | 498 (35.1) | 937 (39.9) | 0.034 |
Mild (Rank II) | 1098 (29.1) | 429 (30.2) | 669 (28.5) | |
Moderate (Rank III) | 814 (21.6) | 322 (22.7) | 492 (20.9) | |
Severe (Rank IV and Rank M) | 423 (11.2) | 170 (12.0) | 253 (10.8) | |
Chronic diseases | ||||
Dementia | 1064 (28.2) | 402 (28.3) | 662 (28.2) | 0.910 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1529 (40.6) | 535 (37.7) | 994 (42.3) | 0.006 |
Joint disorders | 1523 (40.4) | 597 (42.1) | 926 (39.4) | 0.104 |
Heart disease | 1241 (32.9) | 429 (30.2) | 812 (34.5) | 0.006 |
Parkinson’s disease | 247 (6.6) | 80 (5.6) | 167 (7.1) | 0.078 |
Home-visit nursing: Use | 372 (9.9) | 117 (8.2) | 255 (10.8) | 0.009 |
Medical Expenditures (USD)b | ||||
Lower group (≤$142.62) | 1257 (33.3) | 502 (35.4) | 755 (32.1) | 0.060 |
Middle group ($142.63–551.59) | 1257 (33.3) | 473 (33.3) | 784 (33.3) | |
Higher group (≥$551.60) | 1256 (33.3) | 444 (31.3) | 812 (34.5) | |