Table 1 Characteristics of participants and exercise environments
Study | Group | Sample size (post-intervention) | Drop-outs (attrition rate: %) | Age: mean (SD) | Diagnosis | Type of pool/Gym | Water depth | Water/Room temperature (°C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adsett et al. 2017 [30] | AE | 36 (33) | 3 (8%) | 72.9 (8.4) | Heart failure | Heated pool in hospital | Chest level | 33–34 |
LE | 25 (25) | 0 (0%) | 68.3 (11.3) | Gymnasium in the hospital | NA | NR | ||
Arnold et al. 2008 [11] | AE | 21 (16) | 5 (24%) | 68.6 (5.4) | Osteoporosis | Community pool | Varied from shoulder to waist | 30 |
LE | 20 (15) | 5 (25%) | 69.1 (6.3) | Community gym | NA | NR | ||
Avelar et al. 2010 [32] | AE | 14 (12) | 2 (14%) | 68.0 (5.7) | Healthy | Physical therapy pool | NR | NR |
LE | 15 (14) | 1 (7%) | 69.0 (5.6) | Physical therapy gym | NA | NR | ||
Bergamin et al. 2013 [34] | AE | 20 (17) | 3 (15%) | Total: 71.2 (5.4) | Healthy | Hot spring water | 1.3–1.8 m | 36.2 |
LE | 20 (17) | 3 (15%) | NR | NA | 20.1 | |||
Pérez de la Cruz et al. 2017 [37] | AE | 15 (15) | 0 (0%) | 66.8 (5.3) | Parkinson’s | Indoor pool | 1.1–1.45 m | 30 (room: 27.5) |
LE | 15 (15) | 0 (0%) | 67.5 (9.9) | Gym (varied) | NA | NR | ||
Pérez de la Cruz et al. 2018 [36] | AE | 14 (14) | 0 (0%) | 65.9 (7.1) | Parkinson’s | Indoor pool | 1.1 m | 30 (room: 27.5) |
LE | 15 (15) | 0 (0%) | 66.4 (5.7) | NR | NA | NR | ||
Simmons and Hansen 1996 [33] | AE | 13 (10) | 3 (23%) | 82.0 (5.4) | Healthy | Outdoor pool | 1–1.4 m (between waist and nipple line) | 29.4–32.2 |
LE | 13 (12) | 1 (8%) | 78.2 (5.8) | Carpeted indoor church hall | NA | NR | ||
Vivas et al. 2011 [38] | AE | 6 (5) | 1 (17%) | 65.7 (3.7) | Parkinson’s | City spa | 1.3 m | 32 |
LE | 6 (6) | 0 (0%) | 68.3 (6.9) | NR | NA | NR | ||
Volpe et al 2014 [39] | AE | 17 (17) | 0 (0%) | 68.0 (7.0) | Parkinson’s | NR | NR | NR |
LE | 17 (17) | 0 (0%) | 66.0 (8.0) | NR | NA | NR | ||
Volpe et al. 2017 [40] | AE | 15 (13) | 2 (13%) | 70.6 (7.8) | Parkinson’s | Therapeutic swimming pool | Chest level (Mammillary line) | NR |
LE | 15 (11) | 4 (27%) | 70.0 (7.8) | NR | NA | NR | ||
Zivi et al., 2018 [35] | AE | 21 (21) | 0 (0%) | 66.3 (13.0) | Peripheral neuropathies | Heated swimming pool | NR | 32 |
LE | 19 (19) | 0 (0%) | 71.8 (7.7) | NR | NA | NR |