Association between change in lifestyle and cognitive functions among elderly Koreans: findings from the Korean longitudinal study of aging (2006–2016)

Table 3 Subgroup analysis using GEE of cognitive function^a with lifestyle change in 2006–2016

Variables^b	Change of lifestyle
	Good→Good			Bad→Good			Good→Bad			Bad→Bad
	β	SD	*P-value*	β	SD	*P-value*	β	SD	*P-value*	β
Male
Marital status
Married	0.409	3.214	0.0385	0.245	3.566	0.3559	−0.071	3.615	0.8337	Ref.
Single, widow, divorced, separated	1.627	3.394	0.0189	0.298	3.195	0.6687	0.652	3.416	0.3865	Ref.
Participation in social activities
2 or more	0.342	2.699	0.2755	−0.100	2.702	0.7838	−0.580	2.246	0.3124	Ref.
1	0.467	2.785	0.0361	0.498	3.330	0.1274	0.660	3.455	0.0777	Ref.
0	0.668	4.202	0.2259	0.321	4.313	0.6295	−0.566	5.112	0.4104	Ref.
Depression
No	0.554	2.983	0.0132	0.458	3.515	0.1372	0.607	3.277	0.0437	Ref.
Yes	0.209	3.582	0.5412	−0.042	3.002	0.9053	−0.683	3.491	0.2255	Ref.
Female
Marital status
Married	0.495	4.533	0.1394	0.863	3.981	0.0058	0.289	4.277	0.3602	Ref.
Single, widow, divorced, separated	1.002	4.704	0.0017*	0.888	3.491	0.0020*	0.557	3.754	0.1292	Ref.
Participation in social activities
2 or more	0.566	4.545	0.2042	0.593	4.068	0.2672	−0.173	3.623	0.7488	Ref.
1	0.440	4.194	0.1151	0.500	3.543	0.0618	0.405	3.862	0.1906	Ref.
0	1.614	4.270	0.0017*	1.817	3.945	<.0001*	0.536	4.592	0.2817	Ref.
Depression
No	0.573	4.159	0.0332	0.765	4.119	0.0199	−0.184	4.079	0.5697	Ref.
Yes	0.751	4.580	0.0380	0.864	3.621	0.0033*	0.716	4.185	0.0351	Ref.

*Significant P-value after Bonferroni correction
^aCognitive function was measured using the K-MMSE
^bAge, economic status, region, marital status, living arrangement, educational level, household income, participation in social activities, chronic disease, depressive symptoms, disability status, and survey year were adjusted
GEE = generalized estimating equations, K-MMSE = Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (score of 0–30), SD = standard deviation

ISSN: 1471-2318