Table 2 Generalized linear model using GEE with cognitive function in 2006–2016
Variablesb | K-MMSEa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | |||||
β | SD | P-value | β | SD | P-value | |
Change of lifestyle | ||||||
Good→Good | 0.509 | 3.245 | 0.0077 | 0.813 | 4.654 | 0.0005* |
Bad→Good | 0.274 | 3.522 | 0.2700 | 0.914 | 3.744 | <.0001* |
Good→Bad | 0.043 | 4.524 | 0.8898 | 0.475 | 4.542 | 0.0481 |
Bad→Bad | ref. | ref. | ||||
Age | ||||||
65–69 | 0.933 | 5.236 | 0.0005* | 1.652 | 6.579 | <.0001* |
70–74 | 0.610 | 7.726 | 0.0043 | 1.419 | 9.034 | <.0001* |
75–79 | 0.469 | 6.446 | 0.0079 | 0.865 | 7.249 | <.0001* |
80- | ref. | ref. | ||||
Economic activity | ||||||
Active | 0.675 | 4.487 | <.0001 | 0.558 | 4.618 | 0.0138 |
Nonactive | ref. | ref. | ||||
Region | ||||||
Urban area | 0.223 | 6.453 | 0.1539 | 0.347 | 7.716 | 0.0696 |
Rural area | ref. | ref. | ||||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 0.295 | 13.257 | 0.1803 | −0.023 | 7.737 | 0.9059 |
Single, widow, divorced, separated | ref. | ref. | ||||
Living arrangement | ||||||
Three generation family or more | −0.654 | 5.702 | 0.0292 | −0.778 | 7.224 | 0.0150 |
Two-generation family | 0.070 | 5.429 | 0.7221 | −0.297 | 6.242 | 0.2114 |
One-generation family | ref. | ref. | ||||
Educational level | ||||||
Middle school or above | 0.787 | 7.838 | <.0001 | 0.859 | 6.688 | 0.0003 |
Elementary school or below | ref. | ref. | ||||
Household income | ||||||
Quartile 4 (high) | 0.341 | 6.706 | 0.1086 | 0.680 | 7.459 | 0.0075 |
Quartile 3 | 0.211 | 6.497 | 0.2916 | 0.325 | 6.000 | 0.1490 |
Quartile 2 | 0.275 | 6.529 | 0.1642 | 0.330 | 5.591 | 0.1024 |
Quartile 1 (low) | ref. | ref. | ||||
Participation in social activities | ||||||
2 or more | 1.216 | 4.917 | <.0001* | 1.252 | 5.152 | <.0001* |
1 | 1.026 | 7.633 | <.0001* | 1.140 | 7.983 | <.0001* |
0 | ref. | ref. | ||||
Chronic disease | ||||||
3 or more | −0.531 | 6.635 | 0.0267 | −0.170 | 8.136 | 0.5795 |
2 | −0.140 | 5.869 | 0.4521 | 0.341 | 7.740 | 0.1700 |
1 | −0.022 | 5.650 | 0.8936 | 0.431 | 7.891 | 0.0712 |
0 | ref. | ref. | ||||
Depression | ||||||
No | ref. | ref. | ||||
Yes | −1.033 | 5.503 | <.0001 | −0.842 | 6.887 | <.0001 |
Disability status | ||||||
Disabled | −2.126 | 6.668 | <.0001 | −2.488 | 6.953 | <.0001 |
Nondisabled | ref. | ref. | ||||
Lagged dependent variable | ||||||
MMSE score of previous survey | 0.376 | 0.788 | <.0001 | 0.336 | 0.701 | <.0001 |
Year | ||||||
2008 | −0.015 | 7.331 | 0.9475 | −0.463 | 8.137 | 0.1068 |
2010 | 0.143 | 6.674 | 0.5246 | −0.116 | 7.190 | 0.6693 |
2012 | 0.365 | 6.073 | 0.0883 | 0.366 | 5.967 | 0.1135 |
2014 | −0.122 | 5.807 | 0.5737 | −0.539 | 6.006 | 0.0242 |
2016 | ref. | ref. | ||||