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Table 3 Association between financial stress and self-reported depression

From: Effect of financial stress on self-rereported health and quality of life among older adults in five developing countries: a cross sectional analysis of WHO-SAGE survey

 

Overall

China

Ghana

India

Russia

South Africa

Model 1

 Has Money (Completely)

  Moderately

1.03 (0.86,1.23)

0.41** (0.24,0.70)

1.16 (0.54,2.45)

1.90** (1.27,2.85)

1.31* (1.01,1.70)

0.70 (0.33,1.47)

  A Little

1.97*** (1.67,2.32)

3.07*** (1.95,4.86)

1.42 (0.70,2.90)

2.82*** (1.85,4.29)

1.74*** (1.29,2.34)

0.58 (0.28,1.19)

  Not at All

2.66*** (2.19,3.23)

4.66** (1.61,13.48)

2.96** (1.45,6.05)

2.75*** (1.70,4.46)

2.98*** (2.19,4.06)

0.73 (0.33,1.58)

Model 2

 Income quintile (Q1)

  Q2

0.58*** (0.49,0.67)

0.23*** (0.14,0.39)

1.43 (0.97,2.10)

0.88 (0.63,1.22)

0.73* (0.54,0.97)

1.25 (0.52,3.00)

  Q3

0.26*** (0.22,0.31)

0.03*** (0.01,0.05)

1.28 (0.86,1.90)

0.61** (0.43,0.87)

0.77 (0.57,1.03)

2.12 (0.93,4.85)

  Q4

0.53*** (0.45,0.63)

0.20*** (0.11,0.36)

1.26 (0.83,1.93)

0.68* (0.48,0.98)

0.92 (0.66,1.28)

2.07 (0.90,4.78)

  Q5

0.33*** (0.27,0.40)

0.10*** (0.04,0.24)

0.58* (0.35,0.96)

0.28*** (0.18,0.44)

0.65* (0.45,0.94)

3.79** (1.61,8.89)

Model 3

 Has Money (Completely)

  Moderately

1.11 (0.93,1.32)

0.68 (0.40,1.17)

1.11 (0.52,2.37)

1.61* (1.06,2.44)

1.29 (,1.68)

0.79 (0.37,1.67)

  A Little

1.92*** (1.62,2.27)

2.90*** (1.79,4.69)

1.34 (0.65,2.74)

2.19*** (1.41,3.40)

1.70*** (1.26,2.29)

0.78 (0.36,1.65)

  Not at All

2.37*** (1.95,2.88)

2.30 (0.81,6.55)

2.82** (1.36,5.82)

2.03** (1.23,3.36)

2.87*** (2.10,3.93)

1.00 (0.45,2.26)

 Income quintile (Q1)

  Q2

0.61*** (0.52,0.72)

0.29*** (0.17,0.49)

0.89 (0.52,1.51)

0.92 (0.66,1.29)

0.79 (0.59,1.07)

1.30 (0.52,3.24)

  Q3

0.29*** (0.24,0.34)

0.03*** (0.01,0.06)

1.60* (1.08,2.38)

0.65* (0.45,0.93)

0.88 (0.65,1.20)

2.29 (0.97,5.44)

  Q4

0.61*** (0.51,0.72)

0.30*** (0.16,0.57)

1.62* (1.07,2.45)

0.77 (0.53,1.11)

1.02 (0.72,1.43)

2.35 (0.98,5.63)

  Q5

0.40*** (0.33,0.49)

0.16*** (0.07,0.39)

1.67* (1.08,2.59)

0.37*** (0.23,0.58)

0.78 (0.53,1.13)

4.09** (1.65,10.13)

  1. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets.
  2. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001