Association between self-reported hearing loss and low socioeconomic status in Japan: findings from the Toyama dementia survey

Table 1 Presence of self-reported hearing loss and participant characteristics

Characteristic			Presence of self-reported hearing loss						P-value
			Yes (n = 126)		No (n = 913)		Total (n = 1039)		P-value
			n	%	n	%	n	%
Attribution	Age (years)	65–74	31	24.6	521	57.1	552	53.1	< 0.001
		75–84	63	50.0	308	33.7	371	35.7
		≥85	32	25.4	84	9.2	116	11.2
	Sex	Male	49	38.9	404	44.2	453	43.6	0.292
	Sex	Female	77	61.1	509	55.8	586	56.4	0.292
Educational attainment	Years of education	≤6 years	17	13.5	25	2.7	42	4.0	< 0.001
		7–9 years	50	39.7	338	37.0	388	37.3
		≥10 years	59	46.8	550	60.2	609	58.6
Occupation	Occupations held	White-collar	42	33.3	385	42.2	427	41.1	0.021
		Blue-collar	58	46.0	317	34.7	375	36.1
		Both	15	11.9	159	17.4	174	16.7
		Other	11	8.7	52	5.7	63	6.1
Lifestyle	Alcohol consumption habits	Current drinker	42	33.3	327	35.8	369	35.5	0.256
		Former drinker	14	11.1	64	7.0	78	7.5
		Non-drinker	70	55.6	522	57.2	592	57.0
	Smoking habits	Current smoker	14	11.1	92	10.1	106	10.2	0.207
		Former smoker	26	20.6	257	28.1	283	27.2
		Non-smoker	86	68.3	564	61.8	650	62.6
Medical history	Hypertension	Yes	63	50.0	426	46.7	489	47.1	0.506
	Hypertension	No	63	50.0	487	53.3	550	52.9	0.506
	Hyperlipidemia	Yes	16	12.7	172	18.8	188	18.1	0.108
	Hyperlipidemia	No	110	87.3	741	81.2	851	81.9	0.108
	Diabetes	Yes	16	12.7	139	15.2	155	14.9	0.507
	Diabetes	No	110	87.3	774	84.8	884	85.1	0.507
	Stroke	Yes	13	10.3	64	7.0	77	7.4	0.202
	Stroke	No	113	89.7	849	93.0	962	92.6	0.202
	Angina pectoris or cardiovascular disease	Yes	17	13.5	64	7.0	81	7.8	0.019
	Angina pectoris or cardiovascular disease	No	109	86.5	849	93.0	958	92.2

ISSN: 1471-2318