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Table 1 Characteristics of Non-Fallers, One-Time Fallers, and Recurrent Fallers

From: The kinematics and strategies of recovery steps during lateral losses of balance in standing at different perturbation magnitudes in older adults with varying history of falls

Characteristic

Non-Fallers (N = 51)

One-Time Fallers (N = 20)

Recurrent Fallers (N = 12)

p -value

Age (year)

79.6 ± 5.1

78.0 ± 5.5

78.5 ± 4.7

0.325

Female % (number)a

62.2 (33)

85.0 (17)

83.3 (10)

0.095

Mini-Mental State Examinationa

29 (25,30)

29 (26,30)

29 (28,30)

0.448

Number drugs/daya

4.0 (0,10)

3.5 (1,11)

4.0 (2,9)

0.703

Number of diagnosed diseasesa

1.0 (0,8)

2.0 (0,8)

1.0 (1,4)

0.665

Height (cm)

160.1 ± 10.3

155.3 ± 5.2

163.3 ± 10.4

0.051

Weight (kg)

67.1 ± 13.3

63.8 ± 8.2

78.0 ± 14.7

NF- OF: 0.592

NF- RF: 0.030

OF- RF: 0.010

BMI (kg/m2)

26.3 ± 4.2

26.4 ± 3.2

29.0 ± 3.7

0.097

Number of falls in last yeara

0 (0,0)

1 (1,1)

2.5 (2,4)

NF- OF: < 0.001

NF- RF: < 0.001

OF- RF: 0.040

Fall efficacy scale International (FES-I)a

19 (16,34)

21 (16,58)

21 (16,39)

NF- OF: 0.009

NF- RF: 0.938

OF- RF: 0.078

Late Life Function

 Overall functiona

67 (50,88)

66 (45,100)

57 (54,77)

NF- OF: 0.179

NF- RF: 0.005

OF- RF: 0.117

 Upper extremity functiona

19 (16,34)

21 (16,58)

21 (16,39)

0.483

 Basic lower extremity functiona

81 (61,100)

81 (53,100)

70 (65,88)

NF- OF: 0.115

NF- RF: 0.004

OF- RF: 0.162

 Advanced lower extremity functiona

60 (20,54)

59 (19,55)

50 (23,52)

NF- OF: 0.213

NF- RF: 0.008

OF- RF: 0.154

  1. Values are means ±1 SD, where a variable was normally distributed using a one-way ANOVA with an LSD post-hoc test (age, weight, height, BMI), and medians (Min, Max) where a variable was not normally distributed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test with post-hoc tests to test pairwise comparisons (medications per day, diagnosed diseases, self-reported retrospective falls, MMSE, FES-I and Late-Life function scores) and chi-square for gender. Abbreviations: cm centimeters, kg kilograms, kg/m2 kilograms per meter square. a where a variable was not normally distributed